CaBr2 CsBr CuBr2 KBr LiBr NaBr NH4Br Tri-Bromo Styrene   Basic

XPS Spectra
Bromine (Br) Compounds
The XPS Spectra section provides raw and processed survey spectra, chemical state spectra, BE values, FWHM values, and overlays of key spectra.
Atom% values from surveys are based on sample, as received, and Scofield cross-sections. Atom% values are corrected for IMFP and PE.
Peak-fits are guides for practical, real-world applications. Peak-fits are not fully optimized or designed to test any theory.


Sodium Bromide  (NaBr, crystallites)
Survey, Peak-fits, BEs, FWHMs, and Peak Labels


 Periodic Table   → Six (6) BE Tables
Survey Spectrum from NaBr
Freshly exposed bulk, Flood gun is ON, C (1s) BE = 285.0 eV, Ag (3d5/2) FWHM = 1.3 eV

 Periodic Table  → Six (6) BE Tables
Br (3d) Spectrum from NaBr Raw
Fresh exposed bulk, Flood gun is ON, C (1s) BE = 285.0 eV, Ag FWHM = 0.75 eV
Br (3d) Spectrum from NaBr Peak-Fit
Freshly exposed bulk, Flood gun is ON, C (1s) BE = 285.0 eV, Ag FWHM = 0.75 eV



 
Br (3p) Spectrum from NaBr Raw
Fresh exposed bulk, Flood gun is ON, C (1s) BE = 285.0 eV, Ag FWHM = 0.75 eV
Br (3p) Spectrum from NaBr Peak-Fit
Freshly exposed bulk, Flood gun is ON, C (1s) BE = 285.0 eV, Ag FWHM = 0.75 eV

 

 Periodic Table  → Six (6) BE Tables
Na (1s) Spectrum from NaBr Raw
Freshly exposed bulk, Flood gun is ON, C (1s) BE = 285.0 eV, Ag FWHM = 0.75 eV
Na (1s) Spectrum from NaBr Peak-Fit
Freshly exposed bulk, Flood gun is ON, C (1s) BE = 285.0 eV, Ag FWHM = 0.75 eV

 Periodic Table  → Six (6) BE Tables
Na (2s) Spectrum from NaBr Raw
Freshly exposed bulk, Flood gun is ON, C (1s) BE = 285.0 eV, Ag FWHM = 0.75 eV
Na (2s) Spectrum from NaBr Peak-fit
Freshly exposed bulk, Flood gun is ON, C (1s) BE = 285.0 eV, Ag FWHM = 0.75 eV

 Periodic Table  → Six (6) BE Tables
C (1s) Spectrum from NaBr Raw
Freshly exposed bulk, Flood gun is ON, C (1s) BE = 285.0 eV, Ag FWHM = 0.75 eV
C (1s) Spectrum from NaBr Peak-Fit
Freshly exposed bulk, Flood gun is ON, C (1s) BE = 285.0 eV, Ag FWHM = 0.75 eV
   

 Periodic Table  → Six (6) BE Tables
Na Auger Signals from NaBr Raw
Freshly exposed bulk, Flood gun is ON, C (1s) BE = 285.0 eV, Ag FWHM = 0.75 eV
Valence Band Signals from NaBr Raw
Freshly exposed bulk, Flood gun is ON, C (1s) BE = 285.0 eV, Ag FWHM = 0.75 eV

 
Overlays
 Periodic Table  → Six (6) BE Tables
Valence Band SpectraOverlay of LiBr and NaBr   
Freshly exposed bulk, Flood gun is ON, C (1s) BE = 285.0 eV, Ag FWHM = 0.75 eV
Br (3d) SpectraOverlay of LiBr and NaBr  
Freshly exposed bulk, Flood gun is ON, C (1s) BE = 285.0 eV, Ag FWHM = 0.75 eV


End-of-spectra

Price to purchase raw data sets:
Raw spectra – VAMAS ASCII format ($6)
Raw spectra – SDP binary format ($5)
SDP v9 – $145 (3 yr license)

 



 

Transmission Function Tests


 

December 2015 – Transmission Function of Thermo K-Alpha Plus

 Periodic Table 
Survey Spectra of Ion Etched Copper (Cu), PEs = 50, 100, 150 and 200 eV

 Periodic Table 
March 2016 – Transmission Function of Thermo K-Alpha Plus 
 
Survey Spectra of Ion Etched Copper (Cu), PEs = 100, 150 and 200 eV

 Periodic Table  
August 2019 – Transmission Function of Thermo K-Alpha Plus
 
Survey Spectra of HOPG (C), PEs = 20, 50, 100 and 200 eV

 Periodic Table  
January 2022 – Transmission Function of Thermo K-Alpha Plus
Survey Spectra of Ion Etched Copper (Cu), PEs = 100, 120, 140, 160, 180 and 200 eV


 

Six (6) Chemical State Tables of Br (3d5/2) BEs

 

  • The XPS Library Spectra-Base
  • PHI Handbook
  • Thermo-Scientific Website
  • XPSfitting Website
  • Techdb Website
  • NIST Website

 



 

Notes of Caution when using Published BEs and BE Tables from Insulators and Conductors:

  • Accuracy of Published BEs
    • The accuracy depends on the calibration BEs used to calibrate the energy scale of the instrument.  Cu (2p3/2) BE can vary from 932.2 to 932.8 eV for old publications
    • Different authors use different BEs for the C (1s) BE of the hydrocarbons found in adventitious carbon that appears on all materials and samples.  From 284.2 to 285.3 eV
    • The accuracy depends on when the authors last checked or adjusted their energy scale to produce the expected calibration BEs
  • Worldwide Differences in Energy Scale Calibrations
    • For various reasons authors still use older energy scale calibrations
    • Some authors still adjust their energy scale so Cu (2p3/2) appears at 932.2 eV or 932.8 eV because this is what the maker taught them
    • This range causes BEs in the higher BE end to be larger than expected
    • This variation increases significantly above 600 eV BE
  • Charge Compensation
    • Samples that behave as true insulators normally require the use of a charge neutralizer (electron flood gun with or without Ar+ ions) so that the measured chemical state spectra can be produced without peak-shape distortions or sloping tails on the low BE side of the peak envelop.
    • Floating all samples (conductive, semi-conductive, and non-conductive) and always using the electron flood gun is considered to produce more reliable BEs and is recommended.
  • Charge Referencing Methods for Insulators
    • Charge referencing is a common method, but it can produce results that are less reliable.
    • When an electron flood gun is used, the BE scale will usually shift to lower BE values by 0.01 to 5.0 eV depending on your voltage setting. Normally, to correct for this flood gun induced shift, the BE of the hydrocarbon C (1s) peak maximum from adventitious carbon is used to correct for the charge induced shift.
    • The hydrocarbon peak is normally the largest peak at the lowest BE.
    • Depending on your preference or training, the C (1s) BE assigned to this hydrocarbon peak varies from 284.8 to 285.0 eV.  Other BEs can be as low as 284.2 eV or as high as 285.3 eV
    • Native oxides that still show the pure metal can suffer differential charging that causes the C (1s) and the O (1s) and the Metal Oxide BE to be larger
    • When using the electron flood gun, the instrument operator should adjust the voltage and the XY position of the electron flood gun to produce peaks from a strong XPS signal (eg O (1s) or C (1s) having the most narrow FWHM and the lowest experimentally measured BE.

 Periodic Table 


Table #1

Br (3d5/2) Chemical State BEs from:  “The XPS Library Spectra-Base”

C (1s) BE = 285.0 eV for TXL BEs
and C (1s) BE = 284.8 eV for NIST BEs

Element Atomic # Compound As-Measured by TXL or
NIST Average BE
Largest BE Hydrocarbon C (1s) BE  Source
Br 35 NH4-Br 68.2 eV 285.0 eV The XPS Library
Br 35 CsBr 68.2 eV 285.0 eV The XPS Library
Br 35 CsBr (N*3) 68.2 eV 68.3 eV 284.8 eV Avg BE – NIST
Br 35 Br-Na (N*2) 68.7 ev 68.8 eV 284.8 eV Avg BE – NIST
Br 35 KBr (N*4) 68.7 eV 68.9 eV 284.8 eV Avg BE – NIST
Br 35 CuBr2 (N*2) 68.9 eV 69.6 eV 284.8 eV Avg BE – NIST
Br 35 Na-Br 69.0 eV 285.0 eV The XPS Library
Br 35 Li-Br 69.0 eV 285.0 eV The XPS Library
Br 35 K-Br 69.0 eV 285.0 eV The XPS Library
Br 35 Br-Li (N*1) 69.2 eV 284.8 eV Avg BE – NIST
Br 35 Br3-styrene 70.7 eV 285.0 eV The XPS Library

Charge Referencing

  • (N*number) identifies the number of NIST BEs that were averaged to produce the BE in the middle column.
  • Binding Energy Scale Calibration expects Cu (2p3/2) BE = 932.62 eV and Au (4f7/2) BE = 83.98 eV.  BE (eV) Uncertainty Range:  +/- 0.2 eV
  • Charge Referencing of insulators is defined such that the Adventitious Hydrocarbon C (1s) BE (eV) = 285.0 eV.  NIST uses C (1s) BE = 284.8 eV 
  • Note:   Ion etching removes adventitious carbon, implants Ar (+), changes conductivity of surface, and degrades chemistry of various chemical states.
  • Note:  Ion Etching changes BE of C (1s) hydrocarbon peak.
  • TXL – abbreviation for: “The XPS Library” (https://xpslibrary.com).  NIST:  National Institute for Science and Technology (in USA)

 Periodic Table 


Table #2

Br (3d5/2) Chemical State BEs from:  “PHI Handbook”

C (1s) BE = 284.8 eV

 

 Periodic Table 

Copyright ©:  Ulvac-PHI


Table #3

Br (3d5/2) Chemical State BEs from:  “Thermo-Scientific” Website

C (1s) BE = 284.8 eV

Chemical state Binding energy Br (3d5/2) / eV
KBr 68.7

 Periodic Table 

Copyright ©:  Thermo Scientific 


Table #4

Br (3d5/2) Chemical State BEs from:  “XPSfitting” Website

Chemical State BE Table derived by Averaging BEs in the NIST XPS database of BEs
C (1s) BE = 284.8 eV

 Periodic Table 

Copyright ©:  Mark Beisinger


Table #5

Br (3d5/2) Chemical State BEs from:  “Techdb.podzone.net” Website

 

XPS Spectra – Chemical Shift | Binding Energy
C (1s) BE = 284.6 eV

XPS(X線光電子分光法)スペクトル 化学状態 化学シフト ケミカルシフト

Element Level Compound B.E.(eV) min max
Br 3d5/2 CsBr 68.3 ±0.2 68.1 68.4
Br 3d5/2 RbBr 68.5 ±0.2 68.3 68.7
Br 3d5/2 Pt(NH3)4Br2 68.5 ±0.2 68.3 68.7
Br 3d5/2 KBr 68.8 ±0.3 68.5 69.0
Br 3d5/2 NaBr 68.8 ±0.3 68.5 69.0
Br 3d5/2 PbBr2 68.8 ±0.3 68.5 69.0
Br 3d5/2 Ni(NH3)6Br2 68.8 ±0.3 68.5 69.0
Br 3d5/2 CuBr2 69.1 ±0.3 68.8 69.3
Br 3d5/2 LiBr 69.2 ±0.3 68.9 69.4
Br 3d5/2 K2PtBr6 69.2 ±0.3 68.9 69.5
Br 3d5/2 K2PtBr4 69.3 ±0.3 69.0 69.5

 

 Periodic Table 



 

Histograms of NIST BEs for Br (3d5/2) BEs

Important Note:  NIST Database defines Adventitious Hydrocarbon C (1s) BE = 284.8 eV for all insulators.

Histogram indicates:  68.8 eV for Br- in KBr based on 4 literature BEs Histogram indicates xxx

Table #6


NIST Database of Br (3d5/2) Binding
Energies

NIST Standard Reference Database 20, Version 4.1

Data compiled and evaluated
by
Alexander V. Naumkin, Anna Kraut-Vass, Stephen W. Gaarenstroom, and Cedric J. Powell
©2012 copyright by the U.S. Secretary of Commerce on behalf of the United States of America. All rights reserved.

Important Note:  NIST Database defines Adventitious Hydrocarbon C (1s) BE = 284.8 eV for all insulators.

Element Spectral Line Formula Energy (eV) Reference
Br 3d3/2 CsBr 66.80  Click
Br 3d [C6H5)4P]2[C60]Br 67.00  Click
Br 3d3/2 BaBr2 67.00  Click
Br 3d [P(C6H5)4]Br 67.10  Click
Br 3d [C6H5)4P]Br 67.10  Click
Br 3d PrBr3 68.80  Click
Br 3d CeBr3 68.90  Click
Br 3d EuBr3 68.90  Click
Br 3d SmBr3 69.00  Click
Br 3d TbBr3 69.00  Click
Br 3d NdBr3 69.00  Click
Br 3d YbBr3 69.00  Click
Br 3d LaBr3 69.00  Click
Br 3d CH3Br/K/Ag 69.00  Click
Br 3d CH3Br/K/Ag 69.00  Click
Br 3d ErBr3 69.10  Click
Br 3d HoBr3 69.10  Click
Br 3d GdBr3 69.20  Click
Br 3d DyBr3 69.20  Click
Br 3d TmBr3 69.20  Click
Br 3d ThBr4 69.20  Click
Br 3d LuBr3 69.30  Click
Br 3d YBr3 69.30  Click
Br 3d C16H22Br2Hf 69.40  Click
Br 3d C20H30Br2Hf 69.40  Click
Br 3d C15H20Br2Hf 69.40  Click
Br 3d3/2 KBr 69.40  Click
Br 3d C18H26Br2Hf 69.50  Click
Br 3d C13H16Br2Hf 69.50  Click
Br 3d IrBrx 69.60  Click
Br 3d IrBrx 69.60  Click
Br 3d IrBrx 69.60  Click
Br 3d C10H10Br2Hf 69.60  Click
Br 3d IrBrx 69.70  Click
Br 3d3/2 (-CH(C12H8N)CH2-)n (Br2)m 69.70  Click
Br 3d CuBr2 70.00  Click
Br 3d CuBr2 70.00  Click
Br 3d3/2 (-CH(C12H8N)CH2-)n (OC6Br4O)m 70.10  Click
Br 3d3/2 SrBr2 70.15  Click
Br 3d3/2 CuBr 70.20  Click
Br 3d CH3Br/Ag 70.90  Click
Br 3d CH3Br/K/Ag 70.90  Click
Br 3d CH3Br/K/Ag 70.90  Click
Br 3d CH3Br/Ag 71.10  Click
Br 3d3/2 (-CH(C12H8N)CH2-)n (Br2)m 71.20  Click
Br 3d3/2 C82H114Br2N2O4 71.40  Click
Br 3d3/2 (-CH(C12H8N)CH2-)n (OC6Br4O)m 72.10  Click

 Periodic Table 


 

 

Statistical Analysis of Binding Energies in NIST XPS Database of BEs

 

 

 Periodic Table