Cdo CdO Cd(OH)2 CdS Cd(SO4) CdI2 CdWO4 CdSe CdTe – as recd CdTe – etched CdZnTe Basic 

XPS Spectra
Cadmium (Cd) Compounds
The XPS Spectra section provides raw and processed survey spectra, chemical state spectra, BE values, FWHM values, and overlays of key spectra.
Atom% values from surveys are based on sample, as received, and Scofield cross-sections. Atom% values are corrected for IMFP and PE.
Peak-fits are guides for practical, real-world applications. Peak-fits are not fully optimized or designed to test any theory.

Cadmium Hydroxide  (Cd(OH)2)
Survey, Peak-fits, BEs, FWHMs, and Peak Labels

→  Periodic Table   → Six (6) BE Tables
Survey Spectrum from Cd(OH)2
Freshly exposed bulk, Flood gun is ON, C (1s) BE = 285.0 eV, Ag (3d5/2) FWHM = 1.3 eV

→  Periodic Table  → Six (6) BE Tables
Cd (3d) Spectrum from Cd(OH)2 – Raw
Fresh exposed bulk, Flood gun is ON, C (1s) BE = 285.0 eV, Ag FWHM = 0.75 eV		 Cd (3d) Spectrum from Cd(OH)2 – Peak-Fit
Freshly exposed bulk, Flood gun is ON, C (1s) BE = 285.0 eV, Ag FWHM = 0.75 eV
→  Periodic Table  → Six (6) BE Tables
O (1s) Spectrum from Cd(OH)2 – Raw
Freshly exposed bulk, Flood gun is ON, C (1s) BE = 285.0 eV, Ag FWHM = 0.75 eV		 O (1s) Spectrum from Cd(OH)2 – Peak-Fit
Freshly exposed bulk, Flood gun is ON, C (1s) BE = 285.0 eV, Ag FWHM = 0.75 eV
→  Periodic Table  → Six (6) BE Tables
C (1s) Spectrum from lightly ion etched Cd(OH)2 – Raw
Freshly exposed bulk, Flood gun is ON, C (1s) BE = 285.0 eV, Ag FWHM = 0.75 eV		 C (1s) Spectrum from lightly ion etched Cd(OH)2 – Peak-Fit
Freshly exposed bulk, Flood gun is ON, C (1s) BE = 285.0 eV, Ag FWHM = 0.75 eV
→  Periodic Table  → Six (6) BE Tables
Auger Signals from Cd(OH)2 – Raw
Freshly exposed bulk, Flood gun is ON, C (1s) BE = 285.0 eV, Ag FWHM = 0.75 eV		 Valence Band Signals from Cd(OH)2 – Raw
Freshly exposed bulk, Flood gun is ON, C (1s) BE = 285.0 eV, Ag FWHM = 0.75 eV
 
Overlays
→  Periodic Table  → Six (6) BE Tables
Valence Band Spectra – Overlay of Cdo and Cd(OH)2   
Freshly exposed bulk, Flood gun is ON, C (1s) BE = 285.0 eV, Ag FWHM = 0.75 eV		 Cd (3d) Spectra – Overlay of Cdo and Cd(OH)2
Freshly exposed bulk, Flood gun is ON, C (1s) BE = 285.0 eV, Ag FWHM = 0.75 eV

End-of-spectra

Price to purchase raw data sets:
Raw spectra – VAMAS ASCII format ($6)
Raw spectra – SDP binary format ($5)
SDP v9 – $145 (3 yr license)

 

 

Transmission Function Tests
 

December 2015 – Transmission Function of Thermo K-Alpha Plus
→  Periodic Table 
Survey Spectra of Ion Etched Copper (Cr), PEs = 50, 100, 150 and 200 eV
→  Periodic Table 
March 2016 – Transmission Function of Thermo K-Alpha Plus 
 
Survey Spectra of Ion Etched Copper (Cr), PEs = 100, 150 and 200 eV
→  Periodic Table  
August 2019 – Transmission Function of Thermo K-Alpha Plus
 
Survey Spectra of HOPG (C), PEs = 20, 50, 100 and 200 eV
→  Periodic Table  
January 2022 – Transmission Function of Thermo K-Alpha Plus
Survey Spectra of Ion Etched Copper (Cr), PEs = 100, 120, 140, 160, 180 and 200 eV

End-of-Spectra

 

Six (6) Chemical State Tables of Cd (3d5/2) BEs

 

  • The XPS Library Spectra-Base
  • PHI Handbook
  • Thermo-Scientific Website
  • XPSfitting Website
  • Techdb Website
  • NIST Website

→  Periodic Table 

 

Notes of Caution when using Published BEs and BE Tables from Insulators and Conductors:

  • Accuracy of Published BEs
    • The accuracy depends on the calibration BEs used to calibrate the energy scale of the instrument.  Cu (2p3) BE can vary from 932.2 to 932.8 eV for old publications 
    • Different authors use different BEs for the C (1s) BE of the hydrocarbons found in adventitious carbon that appears on all materials and samples.  From 284.2 to 285.3 eV
    • The accuracy depends on when the authors last checked or adjusted their energy scale to produce the expected calibration BEs
  • Worldwide Differences in Energy Scale Calibrations
    • For various reasons authors still use older energy scale calibrations 
    • Some authors still adjust their energy scale so Cu (3d5/2) appears at 932.2 eV or 932.8 eV because this is what the maker taught them
    • This range causes BEs in the higher BE end to be larger than expected 
    • This variation increases significantly above 600 eV BE
  • Charge Compensation
    • Samples that behave as true insulators normally require the use of a charge neutralizer (electron flood gun with or without Ar+ ions) so that the measured chemical state spectra can be produced without peak-shape distortions or sloping tails on the low BE side of the peak envelop. 
    • Floating all samples (conductive, semi-conductive, and non-conductive) and always using the electron flood gun is considered to produce more reliable BEs and is recommended.
  • Charge Referencing Methods for Insulators
    • Charge referencing is a common method, but it can produce results that are less reliable.
    • When an electron flood gun is used, the BE scale will usually shift to lower BE values by 0.01 to 5.0 eV depending on your voltage setting. Normally, to correct for this flood gun induced shift, the BE of the hydrocarbon C (1s) peak maximum from adventitious carbon is used to correct for the charge induced shift.
    • The hydrocarbon peak is normally the largest peak at the lowest BE. 
    • Depending on your preference or training, the C (1s) BE assigned to this hydrocarbon peak varies from 284.8 to 285.0 eV.  Other BEs can be as low as 284.2 eV or as high as 285.3 eV
    • Native oxides that still show the pure metal can suffer differential charging that causes the C (1s) and the O (1s) and the Metal Oxide BE to be larger
    • When using the electron flood gun, the instrument operator should adjust the voltage and the XY position of the electron flood gun to produce peaks from a strong XPS signal (eg O (1s) or C (1s) having the most narrow FWHM and the lowest experimentally measured BE. 

→  Periodic Table 

Table #1

Cd (3d5/2) Chemical State BEs from:  “The XPS Library Spectra-Base”

C (1s) BE = 285.0 eV for TXL BEs
and C (1s) BE = 284.8 eV for NIST BEs

Element Atomic # Compound As-Measured by TXL or NIST Average BE Largest BE Hydrocarbon C (1s) BE  Source
Cd 48 Cd-O2 (N*1) 403.6 eV 284.8 eV Avg BE – NIST
Cd 48 Cd-2O 404.1 eV 285.0 eV The XPS Library
Cd 48 CdO (N*9) 404.2 eV 404.6 eV 284.8 eV Avg BE – NIST
Cd 48 Cd-2O (N*1) 404.6 eV 284.8 eV Avg BE – NIST
Cd 48 Cd-Se 404.7 eV 405.2 eV 285.0 eV The XPS Library
Cd 48 Cd-(OH)2 (N*2) 404.8 eV 405.1 eV 284.8 eV Avg BE – NIST
Cd 48 CdTe (N*10) 404.9 eV 405.2 eV 284.8 eV Avg BE – NIST
Cd 48 Cd- element 405.0 eV 285.0 eV The XPS Library
Cd 48 CdSe (N*2) 405.0 eV 405.3 eV 284.8 eV Avg BE – NIST
Cd 48 Cd-Te 405.0 eV 405.1 eV 285.0 eV The XPS Library
Cd 48 Cd-S (N*7) 405.1 eV 405.5 eV 284.8 eV Avg BE – NIST
Cd 48 Cd-CO3 405.2 eV 285.0 eV The XPS Library
Cd 48 HgCdTe (N*3) 405.2 eV 405.3 eV 284.8 eV Avg BE – NIST
Cd 48 Cd-I2 (N*3) 405.4 eV 405.8 eV 284.8 eV Avg BE – NIST
Cd 48 CdS 405.5 eV 285.0 eV The XPS Library
Cd 48 Cd-F2 (N*5) 405.6 eV 406.2 eV 284.8 eV Avg BE – NIST
Cd 48 CdBr2 (N*1) 405.7 eV 406.0 eV 284.8 eV Avg BE – NIST

Charge Referencing Notes

  • (N*number) identifies the number of NIST BEs that were averaged to produce the BE in the middle column.
  • The XPS Library uses Binding Energy Scale Calibration with Cu (3d5/2) BE = 932.62 eV and Au (4f7/2) BE = 83.98 eV.  BE (eV) Uncertainty Range:  +/- 0.2 eV
  • Charge Referencing of insulators is defined such that the Adventitious Hydrocarbon C (1s) BE (eV) = 285.0 eV.  NIST uses C (1s) BE = 284.8 eV 
  • Note:   Ion etching removes adventitious carbon, implants Ar (+), changes conductivity of surface, and degrades chemistry of various chemical states.
  • Note:  Ion Etching changes BE of C (1s) hydrocarbon peak.
  • TXL – abbreviation for: “The XPS Library” (https://xpslibrary.com).  NIST:  National Institute for Science and Technology (in USA)

→  Periodic Table 

Table #2

Cd (3d5/2) Chemical State BEs from:  “PHI Handbook”

C (1s) BE = 284.8 eV

→  Periodic Table 

Copyright ©:  Ulvac-PHI

Table #3

Cd (3d5/2) Chemical State BEs from:  “Thermo-Scientific” Website

C (1s) BE = 284.8 eV

Chemical state Binding energy (eV), Cd (3d5)
Cd metal 405.1 eV
CdS 405.1 eV

→  Periodic Table 

Copyright ©:  Thermo Scientific 

Table #4

Cd (3d5/2) Chemical State BEs from:  “XPSfitting” Website

Chemical State BE Table derived by Averaging BEs in the NIST XPS database of BEs
C (1s) BE = 284.8 eV

→  Periodic Table 

Copyright ©:  Mark Beisinger

Table #5

Cd (3d5/2) Chemical State BEs from:  “Techdb.podzone.net” Website

 

XPS Spectra – Chemical Shift | Binding Energy
C (1s) BE = 284.6 eV

XPS(X線光電子分光法)スペクトル 化学状態 化学シフト ケミカルシフト

Element Level Compound B.E.(eV) min max
Cd 3d5/2 CdO2 404.0 ±0.3 403.7 ～ 404.2
Cd 3d5/2 Hg0.8Cd0.2Te 404.7 ±0.2 404.5 ～ 404.9
Cd 3d5/2 CdTe 405.0 ±0.2 404.8 ～ 405.2
Cd 3d5/2 Cd(OH)2 405.0 ±0.3 404.7 ～ 405.3
Cd 3d5/2 Cd 405.1 ±0.3 404.8 ～ 405.3
Cd 3d5/2 CdCO3 405.1 ±0.3 404.8 ～ 405.3
Cd 3d5/2 CdO 405.2 ±0.3 404.9 ～ 405.4
Cd 3d5/2 CdSe 405.3 ±0.3 405.0 ～ 405.5
Cd 3d5/2 CdS 405.3 ±0.3 405.0 ～ 405.5
Cd 3d5/2 Halides 405.8 ±0.4 405.4 ～ 406.1

 

→  Periodic Table 

 
 

Histograms of NIST BEs for Cd (3d5/2) BEs

Important Note:  NIST Database defines Adventitious Hydrocarbon C (1s) BE = 284.8 eV for all insulators.

Histogram indicates:  404.9 eV for Cdo based on 10 literature BEs Histogram indicates:  404.6 eV for CdO based on 9 literature BEs

Histogram indicates:  405.3 eV for CdS based on 7 literature BEs Histogram indicates:  405.1 eV for CdTe based on 12 literature BEs  

Table #6


NIST Database of Cd (3d5/2) Binding Energies

NIST Standard Reference Database 20, Version 4.1

Data compiled and evaluated
by
Alexander V. Naumkin, Anna Kraut-Vass, Stephen W. Gaarenstroom, and Cedric J. Powell
©2012 copyright by the U.S. Secretary of Commerce on behalf of the United States of America. All rights reserved.

Important Note:  NIST Database defines Adventitious Hydrocarbon C (1s) BE = 284.8 eV for all insulators.

Element Spectral Line Formula Energy (eV) Reference
Cd 3d5/2 CdO2 403.60  Click
Cd 3d5/2 CdO 404.00  Click
Cd 3d5/2 Cd2SnO4 404.14  Click
Cd 3d5/2 CdO 404.20  Click
Cd 3d5/2 CdO 404.20  Click
Cd 3d5/2 CdO 404.20  Click
Cd 3d5/2 CdO 404.20  Click
Cd 3d5/2 CdO 404.20  Click
Cd 3d5/2 CdO 404.20  Click
Cd 3d5/2 Cd2SnO4 404.50  Click
Cd 3d5/2 Cd 404.60  Click
Cd 3d5/2 Cd 404.60  Click
Cd 3d5/2 Cd0.2Hg0.8Te 404.60  Click
Cd 3d5/2 CdSnO3 404.60  Click
Cd 3d5/2 CdO 404.60  Click
Cd 3d5/2 Cd2O 404.60  Click
Cd 3d5/2 Cd2SnO4 404.60  Click
Cd 3d5/2 CdRh2O4 404.70  Click
Cd 3d5/2 Cd 404.78  Click
Cd 3d5/2 CdTe 404.80  Click
Cd 3d5/2 Cd(OH)2 404.80  Click
Cd 3d5/2 Cd(OH)2 404.80  Click
Cd 3d5/2 [Cd((C5H11)2NC(S)S)2] 404.80  Click
Cd 3d5/2 Cd0.65Zn0.35TeOx 404.80  Click
Cd 3d5/2 CdSe0.65Te0.35 404.90  Click
Cd 3d5/2 Cd 404.90  Click
Cd 3d5/2 Cd 404.90  Click
Cd 3d5/2 Cd99.6Sn0.4 404.92  Click
Cd 3d5/2 CdTe 404.93  Click
Cd 3d5/2 CdTe 404.94  Click
Cd 3d5/2 CdTe 404.98  Click
Cd 3d5/2 Cd 405.00  Click
Cd 3d5/2 Cd 405.00  Click
Cd 3d5/2 CdTe 405.00  Click
Cd 3d5/2 CdSe 405.00  Click
Cd 3d5/2 Zn0.30Cd0.70Se 405.00  Click
Cd 3d5/2 Zn0.42Cd0.58Se 405.00  Click
Cd 3d5/2 Zn0.70Cd0.30Se 405.00  Click
Cd 3d5/2 Cd 405.04  Click
Cd 3d5/2 CdTe 405.08  Click
Cd 3d5/2 CdTe 405.08  Click
Cd 3d5/2 CdCO3 405.10  Click
Cd 3d5/2 CdTe 405.10  Click
Cd 3d5/2 Cd(OH)2 405.10  Click
Cd 3d5/2 CdS 405.10  Click
Cd 3d5/2 Zn0.10Cd0.90Se 405.10  Click
Cd 3d5/2 Zn0.50Cd0.50Se 405.10  Click
Cd 3d5/2 Zn0.90Cd0.10Se 405.10  Click
Cd 3d5/2 Cd 405.11  Click
Cd 3d5/2 Cd 405.15  Click
Cd 3d5/2 CdTe 405.15  Click
Cd 3d5/2 CdTe 405.20  Click
Cd 3d5/2 CdTe 405.20  Click
Cd 3d5/2 CdS 405.20  Click
Cd 3d5/2 Cd0.28Hg0.72Te 405.20  Click
Cd 3d5/2 CdSe 405.20  Click
Cd 3d5/2 Cd 405.30  Click
Cd 3d5/2 CdS 405.30  Click
Cd 3d5/2 CdS 405.30  Click
Cd 3d5/2 CdSe 405.30  Click
Cd 3d5/2 Cd2SnO2 405.30  Click
Cd 3d5/2 Cd0.33Hg0.67Te 405.30  Click
Cd 3d5/2 Cd0.11Hg0.89Te 405.34  Click
Cd 3d5/2 Cd0.45Hg0.55Te 405.34  Click
Cd 3d5/2 CdTe 405.35  Click
Cd 3d5/2 CdI2 405.40  Click
Cd 3d5/2 CdSO4 405.40  Click
Cd 3d5/2 CdCr0.3In1.7S4 405.40  Click
Cd 3d5/2 CdCr0.3In1.7S4 405.40  Click
Cd 3d5/2 CdS 405.40  Click
Cd 3d5/2 CdS 405.40  Click
Cd 3d5/2 CdS 405.40  Click
Cd 3d5/2 CdTe 405.50  Click
Cd 3d5/2 CdTeO3 405.50  Click
Cd 3d5/2 CdS 405.50  Click
Cd 3d5/2 CdF2 405.60  Click
Cd 3d5/2 CdF2 405.60  Click
Cd 3d5/2 CdI2 405.70  Click
Cd 3d5/2 (CdCl2)2.5H2O 405.70  Click
Cd 3d5/2 CdBr2.4H2O 405.70  Click
Cd 3d5/2 CdS 405.73  Click
Cd 3d5/2 [CdCl2(H2NC(O)NHC(O)NH2)2] 405.80  Click
Cd 3d5/2 CdI2 405.80  Click
Cd 3d5/2 CdF2 405.80  Click
Cd 3d5/2 CdIn2S2Se2 405.80  Click
Cd 3d5/2 [CdCl2(P(C6H5)3)3] 405.90  Click
Cd 3d5/2 CdF2 405.90  Click
Cd 3d5/2 CdBr2 406.00  Click
Cd 3d5/2 CdCl2 406.10  Click
Cd 3d5/2 CdF2 406.20  Click
Cd 3d5/2 Cd(NO3)2 406.20  Click
Cd 3d5/2 Ba/Ca/Cd/Sr/in_montmorillonite 406.40  Click
Cd 3d5/2 CdPdF4 406.70  Click
Cd 3d5/2 CdO 407.38  Click

 

 

Statistical Analysis of Binding Energies in NIST XPS Database of BEs

 

 

→  Periodic Table