LiBr LiCl LiF LiI LiAlO2 LiB3O5 Li2B4O7 LiBF4 LiGaO2 LiNbO3
Li2CO3 Li2MoO4 Li2SO4 Li2WO4 LiFePO4 Basic

XPS Spectra
Lithium (Li) Compounds
The XPS Spectra section provides raw and processed survey spectra, chemical state spectra, BE values, FWHM values, and overlays of key spectra.
Atom% values from surveys are based on sample, as received, and Scofield cross-sections. Atom% values are corrected for IMFP and PE.
Peak-fits are guides for practical, real-world applications. Peak-fits are not fully optimized or designed to test any theory.

Lithium Aluminate  (LiAlO2)
Survey, Peak-fits, BEs, FWHMs, and Peak Labels

→  Periodic Table   → Six (6) BE Tables
Survey Spectrum from LiAlO2
Freshly exposed bulk, Flood gun is ON, C (1s) BE = 285.0 eV, Ag (3d5/2) FWHM = 1.3 eV

 
→  Periodic Table  → Six (6) BE Tables
Al (2p) Spectrum from LiAlO2 – Raw
Fresh exposed bulk, Flood gun is ON, C (1s) BE = 285.0 eV, Ag FWHM = 0.75 eV		 Al (2p) Spectrum from LiAlO2 – Peak-Fit
Freshly exposed bulk, Flood gun is ON, C (1s) BE = 285.0 eV, Ag FWHM = 0.75 eV

→  Periodic Table  → Six (6) BE Tables
Al (2s) Spectrum from LiAlO2 – Raw
Fresh exposed bulk, Flood gun is ON, C (1s) BE = 285.0 eV, Ag FWHM = 0.75 eV		 Al (2s) Spectrum from LiAlO2  – Peak-Fit
Freshly exposed bulk, Flood gun is ON, C (1s) BE = 285.0 eV, Ag FWHM = 0.75 eV

 
→  Periodic Table  → Six (6) BE Tables
Al (2p-2s) Spectrum from LiAlO2 – Extended Range
Fresh exposed bulk, Flood gun is ON, C (1s) BE = 285.0 eV, Ag FWHM = 0.75 eV		 Al (2p-2s) Spectrum from LiAlO2 – Raw – Vertically Expanded
Freshly exposed bulk, Flood gun is ON, C (1s) BE = 285.0 eV, Ag FWHM = 0.75 eV
 
→  Periodic Table  → Six (6) BE Tables
O (1s) Spectrum from LiAlO2 – Raw
Freshly exposed bulk, Flood gun is ON, C (1s) BE = 285.0 eV, Ag FWHM = 0.75 eV		 O (1s) Spectrum from LiAlO2 – Peak-Fit
Freshly exposed bulk, Flood gun is ON, C (1s) BE = 285.0 eV, Ag FWHM = 0.75 eV
→  Periodic Table  → Six (6) BE Tables
O (1s) Spectrum from LiAlO2 – Raw – Extended Range
Freshly exposed bulk, Flood gun is ON, C (1s) BE = 285.0 eV, Ag FWHM = 0.75 eV		 O (1s) Spectrum from LiAlO2 – Raw – Vertically Expanded
Freshly exposed bulk, Flood gun is ON, C (1s) BE = 285.0 eV, Ag FWHM = 0.75 eV
→  Periodic Table  → Six (6) BE Tables
Li (1s) Spectrum from LiAlO2 – Raw
Freshly exposed bulk, Flood gun is ON, C (1s) BE = 285.0 eV, Ag FWHM = 0.75 eV		 Li (1s) Spectrum from LiAlO2 – Peak-Fit
Freshly exposed bulk, Flood gun is ON, C (1s) BE = 285.0 eV, Ag FWHM = 0.75 eV
→  Periodic Table  → Six (6) BE Tables
C (1s) Spectrum from LiAlO2  – As Measured
Freshly exposed bulk, Flood gun is ON, C (1s) BE = 284.43 eV, Ag FWHM = 0.75 eV		 C (1s) Spectrum from LiAlO2 – Peak-Fit – Corrected
Freshly exposed bulk, Flood gun is ON, C (1s) BE = 285.0 eV, Ag FWHM = 0.75 eV
→  Periodic Table  → Six (6) BE Tables
O KLL Auger Signals from LiAlO2 – Raw
Freshly exposed bulk, Flood gun is ON, C (1s) BE = 285.0 eV, Ag FWHM = 0.75 eV		 Valence Band Signals from LiAlO2 – Raw
Freshly exposed bulk, Flood gun is ON, C (1s) BE = 285.0 eV, Ag FWHM = 0.75 eV
 
Overlays
→  Periodic Table  → Six (6) BE Tables
Valence Band Spectra – Overlay of Alo and LiAlO2 
Freshly exposed bulk, Flood gun is ON, C (1s) BE = 285.0 eV, Ag FWHM = 0.75 eV		 Al (2p) Spectra – Overlay of Alo and LiAlO2 
Freshly exposed bulk, Flood gun is ON, C (1s) BE = 285.0 eV, Ag FWHM = 0.75 eV
→  Periodic Table  → Six (6) BE Tables
Al (2p) Spectra – Overlay of Al2O3 and LiAlO2 
Freshly exposed bulk, Flood gun is ON, C (1s) BE = 285.0 eV, Ag FWHM = 0.75 eV

End-of-spectra

Price to purchase raw data sets:
Raw spectra – VAMAS ASCII format ($6)
Raw spectra – SDP binary format ($5)
SDP v9 – $145 (3 yr license)

 

 

Transmission Function Tests
 

December 2015 – Transmission Function of Thermo K-Alpha Plus
→  Periodic Table 
Survey Spectra of Ion Etched Copper (Cu), PEs = 50, 100, 150 and 200 eV
→  Periodic Table 
March 2016 – Transmission Function of Thermo K-Alpha Plus 
 
Survey Spectra of Ion Etched Copper (Cu), PEs = 100, 150 and 200 eV
→  Periodic Table  
August 2019 – Transmission Function of Thermo K-Alpha Plus
 
Survey Spectra of HOPG (C), PEs = 20, 50, 100 and 200 eV
→  Periodic Table  
January 2022 – Transmission Function of Thermo K-Alpha Plus
Survey Spectra of Ion Etched Copper (Cu), PEs = 100, 120, 140, 160, 180 and 200 eV

Six (6) Chemical State Tables of Li (1s) BEs

 

  • The XPS Library Spectra-Base
  • PHI Handbook
  • Thermo-Scientific Website
  • XPSfitting Website
  • Techdb Website
  • NIST Website

 

 

Notes of Caution when using Published BEs and BE Tables from Insulators and Conductors:

  • Accuracy of Published BEs
    • The accuracy depends on the calibration BEs used to calibrate the energy scale of the instrument.  Cu (2p3/2) BE can vary from 932.2 to 932.8 eV for old publications
    • Different authors use different BEs for the C (1s) BE of the hydrocarbons found in adventitious carbon that appears on all materials and samples.  From 284.2 to 285.3 eV
    • The accuracy depends on when the authors last checked or adjusted their energy scale to produce the expected calibration BEs
  • Worldwide Differences in Energy Scale Calibrations
    • For various reasons authors still use older energy scale calibrations
    • Some authors still adjust their energy scale so Cu (2p3/2) appears at 932.2 eV or 932.8 eV because this is what the maker taught them
    • This range causes BEs in the higher BE end to be larger than expected
    • This variation increases significantly above 600 eV BE
  • Charge Compensation
    • Samples that behave as true insulators normally require the use of a charge neutralizer (electron flood gun with or without Ar+ ions) so that the measured chemical state spectra can be produced without peak-shape distortions or sloping tails on the low BE side of the peak envelop.
    • Floating all samples (conductive, semi-conductive, and non-conductive) and always using the electron flood gun is considered to produce more reliable BEs and is recommended.
  • Charge Referencing Methods for Insulators
    • Charge referencing is a common method, but it can produce results that are less reliable.
    • When an electron flood gun is used, the BE scale will usually shift to lower BE values by 0.01 to 5.0 eV depending on your voltage setting. Normally, to correct for this flood gun induced shift, the BE of the hydrocarbon C (1s) peak maximum from adventitious carbon is used to correct for the charge induced shift.
    • The hydrocarbon peak is normally the largest peak at the lowest BE.
    • Depending on your preference or training, the C (1s) BE assigned to this hydrocarbon peak varies from 284.8 to 285.0 eV.  Other BEs can be as low as 284.2 eV or as high as 285.3 eV
    • Native oxides that still show the pure metal can suffer differential charging that causes the C (1s) and the O (1s) and the Metal Oxide BE to be larger
    • When using the electron flood gun, the instrument operator should adjust the voltage and the XY position of the electron flood gun to produce peaks from a strong XPS signal (eg O (1s) or C (1s) having the most narrow FWHM and the lowest experimentally measured BE.

→  Periodic Table 

Table #1

Li (1s) Chemical State BEs from:  “The XPS Library Spectra-Base”

C (1s) BE = 285.0 eV for TXL BEs
and C (1s) BE = 284.8 eV for NIST BEs

Element Atomic # Compound As-Measured by TXL or NIST Average BE Largest BE in NIST Hydrocarbon C (1s) BE Source
Li 3 Li – element ~54.7 eV 284.8 eV PHI Handbook
Li 3 Li-OH   (N*1) 54.9 eV 284.8 eV Avg BE – NIST
Li 3 Li2CO3 (N*2) 55.1 eV 55.2 eV 284.8 eV Avg BE – NIST
Li 3 Li2WO4 55.1 eV 285.0 eV The XPS Library
Li 3 Li2CO3 55.2 eV 285.0 eV The XPS Library
Li 3 Li2O 55.4 eV 285.0 eV The XPS Library
Li 3 Li2O (N*1) 55.6 eV 55.8 eV 284.8 eV Avg BE – NIST
Li 3 Li-F (N*3) 55.7 eV 56.7 eV 284.8 eV Avg BE – NIST
Li 3 Li-Cl (N*3) 55.8 eV 56.2 eV 284.8 eV Avg BE – NIST
Li 3 Li2SO4 55.8 eV 285.0 eV The XPS Library
Li 3 Li-F 55.9 eV 285.0 eV The XPS Library
Li 3 Li1B3O5 56.3 eV 285.0 eV The XPS Library
Li 3 Li-Cl 56.6 eV 285.0 eV The XPS Library
Li 3 Li-Br 56.6 eV 285.0 eV The XPS Library
Li 3 Li-I 56.8 eV 285.0 eV The XPS Library
Li 3 LiAlSi2O6 56.8 eV 285.0 eV The XPS Library

Charge Referencing

  • (N*number) identifies the number of NIST BEs that were averaged to produce the BE in the middle column.
  • Binding Energy Scale Calibration expects Cu (2p3/2) BE = 932.62 eV and Au (4f7/2) BE = 83.98 eV.  BE (eV) Uncertainty Range:  +/- 0.2 eV
  • Charge Referencing of insulators is defined such that the Adventitious Hydrocarbon C (1s) BE (eV) = 285.0 eV.  NIST uses C (1s) BE = 284.8 eV 
  • Note:   Ion etching removes adventitious carbon, implants Ar (+), changes conductivity of surface, and degrades chemistry of various chemical states.
  • Note:  Ion Etching changes BE of C (1s) hydrocarbon peak.
  • TXL – abbreviation for: “The XPS Library” (https://xpslibrary.com).  NIST:  National Institute for Science and Technology (in USA)

→  Periodic Table 

Table #2

Li (1s) Chemical State BEs from:  “PHI Handbook”

C (1s) BE = 284.8 eV

→  Periodic Table 

Copyright ©:  Ulvac-PHI

Table #3

Li (1s) Chemical State BEs from:  “Thermo-Scientific” Website

C (1s) BE = 284.8 eV

Chemical state Binding energy (eV)
Li (1s)
Li2TiO3 54.7 eV
Li2CO3 55.4 eV
Li2B4O7 55.9 eV
LiF 56.1 eV
LiCl 56.3 eV

→  Periodic Table 

Copyright ©:  Thermo Scientific 

Table #4

Li (1s) Chemical State BEs from:  “XPSfitting” Website

Chemical State BE Table derived by Averaging BEs in the NIST XPS database of BEs
C (1s) BE = 284.8 eV

→  Periodic Table 

Copyright ©:  Mark Beisinger

Table #5

Li (1s) Chemical State BEs from:  “Techdb.podzone.net” Website

 

XPS Spectra – Chemical Shift | Binding Energy
C (1s) BE = 284.6 eV

 

XPS(X線光電子分光法)スペクトル 化学状態 化学シフト ケミカルシフト

Element Level Compound B.E.(eV) min max
Li 1s Li 54.8 ±0.3 54.5 ～ 55.0
Li 1s LiNbO3 55.0 ±0.3 54.7 ～ 55.2
Li 1s LiOH 55.0 ±0.2 54.8 ～ 55.2
Li 1s Li2CO3 55.2 ±0.3 54.9 ～ 55.4
Li 1s Li2O 55.5 ±0.2 55.3 ～ 55.7
Li 1s Li3PO4 55.5 ±0.2 55.3 ～ 55.7
Li 1s LiF 55.6 ±0.2 55.4 ～ 55.8
Li 1s Li4P2O7 55.6 ±0.2 55.4 ～ 55.8
Li 1s LiCl 56.0 ±0.3 55.7 ～ 56.3
Li 1s LiBr 56.8 ±0.3 56.5 ～ 57.0

→  Periodic Table 

 

 
 

Histograms of NIST BEs from Li (1s)

Important Note:  NIST Database defines Adventitious Hydrocarbon C (1s) BE = 284.8 eV for all insulators.

 

Histogram indicates:  55.0 eV for Lio based on 5 literature BEs Histogram indicates:  54.5 eV for LiF based on 4 literature BEs

Histogram indicates:  56.0 eV for LiCl based on 3 literature BEs 

Table #6

NIST Database of Li (1s) Binding Energies

NIST Standard Reference Database 20, Version 4.1

Data compiled and evaluated
by
Alexander V. Naumkin, Anna Kraut-Vass, Stephen W. Gaarenstroom, and Cedric J. Powell
©2012 copyright by the U.S. Secretary of Commerce on behalf of the United States of America. All rights reserved.

Important Note:  NIST Database defines Adventitious Hydrocarbon C (1s) BE = 284.8 eV for all insulators.

 

Element Spectral Line Formula Energy (eV) Reference
Li 1s LiF 49.90  Click
Li 1s Li0.3Ni0.7O 53.60  Click
Li 1s LiNiO2 53.60  Click
Li 1s (Bi2O3)0.200(LiBO2)0.800 54.40  Click
Li 1s (Li2O)0.5(B2O3)0.494(Bi2O3)0.006 54.50  Click
Li 1s Li 54.60  Click
Li 1s Li/Si 54.70  Click
Li 1s Li/Si 54.70  Click
Li 1s (Li2O)0.5(B2O3)0.496(Bi2O3)0.004 54.70  Click
Li 1s Li 54.80  Click
Li 1s LiNbO3 54.80  Click
Li 1s LiBO2 54.80  Click
Li 1s LiBO2 54.80  Click
Li 1s (Li2O)0.4(B2O3)0.54(Bi2O3)0.06 54.80  Click
Li 1s (Li2O)0.5(B2O3)0.5 54.80  Click
Li 1s LiOH 54.90  Click
Li 1s Li 54.90  Click
Li 1s (Bi2O3)0.150(LiBO2)0.850 54.90  Click
Li 1s Li/Si 54.98  Click
Li 1s Li/Si 54.98  Click
Li 1s Li2WO4 55.00  Click
Li 1s Li2WO4 55.00  Click
Li 1s (Li2O)40(P2O5)24(MoO3)36 55.00  Click
Li 1s (Li2O)40(P2O5)18(MoO3)42 55.00  Click
Li 1s (Bi2O3)0.100(LiBO2)0.900 55.00  Click
Li 1s (Bi2O3)0.050(LiBO2)0.950 55.00  Click
Li 1s (Bi2O3)0.020(LiBO2)0.980 55.00  Click
Li 1s (Bi2O3)0.015(LiBO2)0.985 55.00  Click
Li 1s Li/Si 55.01  Click
Li 1s Li/Si 55.01  Click
Li 1s (Li2O)0.50(B2O3)0.50 55.05  Click
Li 1s Li 55.10  Click
Li 1s Li2WO4 55.10  Click
Li 1s (Li2O)40(P2O5)36(MoO3)24 55.10  Click
Li 1s (Li2O)50(P2O5)30(MoO3)20 55.10  Click
Li 1s (Bi2O3)0.010(LiBO2)0.990 55.10  Click
Li 1s (Bi2O3)0.250(LiBO2)0.750 55.10  Click
Li 1s (Bi2O3)0.002(LiBO2)0.998 55.10  Click
Li 1s (Li2O)0.4(B2O3)0.40(Bi2O3)0.20 55.10  Click
Li 1s (Li2O)0.4(B2O3)0.592(Bi2O3)0.008 55.10  Click
Li 1s (Li2O)0.5(B2O3)0.40(Bi2O3)0.10 55.10  Click
Li 1s Li2CO3 55.12  Click
Li 1s Li2CO3 55.20  Click
Li 1s LiN3 55.20  Click
Li 1s (Li2O)50(P2O5)25(MoO3)25 55.20  Click
Li 1s (Li2O)0.50(P2O5)0.35(WO3)0.15 55.20  Click
Li 1s (Li2O)0.50(P2O5)0.45(WO3)0.05 55.20  Click
Li 1s LiPO3 55.20  Click
Li 1s LiBO2 55.20  Click
Li 1s LiBO2 55.20  Click
Li 1s Li/Si 55.20  Click
Li 1s Li/Si 55.20  Click
Li 1s (Bi2O3)0.025(LiBO2)0.975 55.20  Click
Li 1s (Bi2O3)0.001(LiBO2)0.999 55.20  Click
Li 1s (Bi2O3)0.004(LiBO2)0.996 55.20  Click
Li 1s (Li2O)0.4(B2O3)0.50(Bi2O3)0.10 55.20  Click
Li 1s (Li2O)0.5(B2O3)0.499(Bi2O3)0.001 55.20  Click
Li 1s (Li2O)0.5(B2O3)0.42(Bi2O3)0.08 55.20  Click
Li 1s (Li2O)0.40(B2O3)0.60 55.25  Click
Li 1s (Li2O)40(P2O5)54(MoO3)6 55.30  Click
Li 1s (Li2O)50(P2O5)35(MoO3)15 55.30  Click
Li 1s (Li2O)60(P2O5)36(MoO3)4 55.30  Click
Li 1s (Li2O)0.50(P2O5)0.10(WO3)0.40 55.30  Click
Li 1s (Li2O)41.3(P2O5)53.1(Cr2O3)5.6 55.30  Click
Li 1s (Li2O)(P2O5) 55.30  Click
Li 1s LiNbO3 55.30  Click
Li 1s (F2)0.05((Li2O)0.40(B2O3)0.60)0.95 55.30  Click
Li 1s (F2)0.10((Li2O)0.30(B2O3)0.70)0.90 55.30  Click
Li 1s (Li2O)0.4(B2O3)0.6 55.30  Click
Li 1s Li/Si 55.33  Click
Li 1s Li/Si 55.33  Click
Li 1s Li 55.35  Click
Li 1s O2/Li 55.35  Click
Li 1s (F2)0.10((Li2O)0.50(B2O3)0.50)0.90 55.35  Click
Li 1s Li3PO4 55.40  Click
Li 1s Li4P2O7 55.40  Click
Li 1s Li/CaO 55.40  Click
Li 1s (Li2O)50(P2O5)50 55.40  Click
Li 1s (Li2O)0.50(P2O5)0.05(WO3)0.45 55.40  Click
Li 1s (Li2O)0.50(P2O5)0.50 55.40  Click
Li 1s (Li2O)40(P2O5)30(MoO3)30 55.40  Click
Li 1s (Li2O)50(P2O5)45(MoO3)5 55.40  Click
Li 1s (Li2O)0.50(P2O5)0.40(WO3)0.10 55.40  Click
Li 1s Li/Al 55.40  Click
Li 1s (Li2O)47.3(P2O5)52.7 55.40  Click
Li 1s (Li2O)0.4(B2O3)0.598(Bi2O3)0.002 55.40  Click
Li 1s (F2)0.15((Li2O)0.50(B2O3)0.50)0.85 55.40  Click
Li 1s (LiF)0.40(LiPO3)0.60 55.40  Click
Li 1s (Bi2O3)0.003(LiBO2)0.997 55.40  Click
Li 1s (Bi2O3)0.005(LiBO2)0.995 55.40  Click
Li 1s (Li2O)0.4(B2O3)0.59(Bi2O3)0.01 55.40  Click
Li 1s (Li2O)0.4(B2O3)0.596(Bi2O3)0.004 55.40  Click
Li 1s (Li2O)0.5(B2O3)0.498(Bi2O3)0.002 55.40  Click
Li 1s (Li2O)0.5(B2O3)0.497(Bi2O3)0.003 55.40  Click
Li 1s (Li2O)0.5(B2O3)0.492(Bi2O3)0.008 55.40  Click
Li 1s (Li2O)0.5(B2O3)0.48(Bi2O3)0.02 55.40  Click
Li 1s (Li2O)60(P2O5)40 55.50  Click
Li 1s (Li2O)40(P2O5)42(MoO3)18 55.50  Click
Li 1s (Li2O)50(P2O5)40(MoO3)10 55.50  Click
Li 1s (Li2O)0.50(P2O5)0.15(WO3)0.35 55.50  Click
Li 1s (Li2O)0.50(P2O5)0.20(WO3)0.30 55.50  Click
Li 1s (Li2O)58.8(P2O5)37.1(Cr2O3)4.2 55.50  Click
Li 1s (Li2O)60.4(P2O5)32.0(Cr2O3)7.6 55.50  Click
Li 1s (Li2O)49.5(P2O5)45.5(Cr2O3)5.0 55.50  Click
Li 1s (Li2O)50.5(P2O5)30.4(Cr2O3)19.1 55.50  Click
Li 1s (Li2O)61.7(P2O5)38.3 55.50  Click
Li 1s (LiF)0.18(LiPO3)0.82 55.50  Click
Li 1s (F2)0.30(LiPO3)0.70 55.50  Click
Li 1s (F2)0.40(LiPO3)0.60 55.50  Click
Li 1s (LiF)0.15(LiPO3)0.85 55.50  Click
Li 1s (LiF)0.30(LiPO3)0.70 55.50  Click
Li 1s (LiF)0.35(LiPO3)0.65 55.50  Click
Li 1s (F2)0.20((Li2O)0.30(B2O3)0.70)0.80 55.50  Click
Li 1s (F2)0.20((Li2O)0.50(B2O3)0.50)0.80 55.50  Click
Li 1s (Li2O)0.4(B2O3)0.594(Bi2O3)0.006 55.50  Click
Li 1s (Li2O)0.5(B2O3)0.49(Bi2O3)0.01 55.50  Click
Li 1s (Li2O)0.5(B2O3)0.47(Bi2O3)0.03 55.50  Click
Li 1s (Li2O)0.5(B2O3)0.30(Bi2O3)0.20 55.50  Click
Li 1s Li/Si 55.54  Click
Li 1s Li/Si 55.54  Click
Li 1s (F2)0.25((Li2O)0.30(B2O3)0.70)0.75 55.55  Click
Li 1s (F2)0.05((Li2O)0.50(B2O3)0.50)0.95 55.55  Click
Li 1s (F2)0.10((Li2O)0.40(B2O3)0.60)0.90 55.56  Click
Li 1s Li/Si 55.58  Click
Li 1s Li/Si 55.58  Click
Li 1s Li2O 55.60  Click
Li 1s Li4P2O7 55.60  Click
Li 1s LiCrO2 55.60  Click
Li 1s LiClO4 55.60  Click
Li 1s LiClO4 55.60  Click
Li 1s O2/Li 55.60  Click
Li 1s (Li2O)40(P2O5)60 55.60  Click
Li 1s (Li2O)0.50(P2O5)0.20(WO3)0.30 55.60  Click
Li 1s (Li2O)0.50(P2O5)0.25(WO3)0.25 55.60  Click
Li 1s (Li2O)0.50(P2O5)0.30(WO3)0.20 55.60  Click
Li 1s (Li2O)40.7(P2O5)59.3 55.60  Click
Li 1s (Li2O)40.2(P2O5)35.3(Cr2O3)24.6 55.60  Click
Li 1s (Li2O)51.0(P2O5)39.4(Cr2O3)9.7 55.60  Click
Li 1s (Li2O)51.1(P2O5)36.9(Cr2O3)12.0 55.60  Click
Li 1s (LiF)0.05(LiPO3)0.95 55.60  Click
Li 1s (Li2O)0.30(B2O3)0.70 55.60  Click
Li 1s (F2)0.05((Li2O)0.30(B2O3)0.70)0.95 55.65  Click
Li 1s LiF 55.70  Click
Li 1s LiF 55.70  Click
Li 1s Li/CaO 55.70  Click
Li 1s Li2.74V2O5 55.70  Click
Li 1s O2/Li 55.70  Click
Li 1s (Li2O)40(P2O5)48(MoO3)12 55.70  Click
Li 1s LiB3O5 55.70  Click
Li 1s (Li2O)40.5(P2O5)47.4(Cr2O3)12.1 55.70  Click
Li 1s (Li2O)40.1(P2O5)41.9(Cr2O3)18.0 55.70  Click
Li 1s (F2)0.20(LiPO3)0.80 55.70  Click
Li 1s (F2)0.25(LiPO3)0.75 55.70  Click
Li 1s (F2)0.35(LiPO3)0.65 55.70  Click
Li 1s (LiF)0.10(LiPO3)0.90 55.70  Click
Li 1s (F2)0.30((Li2O)0.30(B2O3)0.70)0.70 55.70  Click
Li 1s Li2SO4 55.75  Click
Li 1s (F2)0.20((Li2O)0.40(B2O3)0.60)0.80 55.75  Click
Li 1s LiCl 55.80  Click
Li 1s LiNO3 55.80  Click
Li 1s (F2)0.15((Li2O)0.30(B2O3)0.70)0.85 55.85  Click
Li 1s (F2)0.15((Li2O)0.40(B2O3)0.60)0.85 55.85  Click
Li 1s O2/Li 55.90  Click
Li 1s (F2)0.25((Li2O)0.40(B2O3)0.60)0.75 55.90  Click
Li 1s Li/CaO 56.00  Click
Li 1s LiCl 56.10  Click
Li 1s Li/Si 56.12  Click
Li 1s Li/Si 56.12  Click
Li 1s Li/Si 56.13  Click
Li 1s Li/Si 56.13  Click
Li 1s Li/Si 56.17  Click
Li 1s Li/Si 56.17  Click
Li 1s LiCl 56.20  Click
Li 1s Li/CaO 56.30  Click
Li 1s LiClO4 56.50  Click
Li 1s LiClO4 56.50  Click
Li 1s Li/Si 56.60  Click
Li 1s Li/Si 56.60  Click
Li 1s Li/Si 56.62  Click
Li 1s Li/Si 56.62  Click
Li 1s Li/Si 56.65  Click
Li 1s Li/Si 56.65  Click
Li 1s LiF 56.70  Click
Li 1s LiBr 56.80  Click
Li 1s LiF 56.80  Click
Li 1s Li/CaO 56.80  Click
Li 1s Li2CrO4 57.10  Click
Li 1s LiC6 57.10  Click
Li 1s LiClO4 57.20  Click
Li 1s LiClO4 57.20  Click

→  Periodic Table 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Statistical Analysis of Binding Energies in NIST XPS Database of BEs

 

Six (6) Chemical State Tables of Al (2p) BEs

 

  • The XPS Library Spectra-Base
  • PHI Handbook
  • Thermo-Scientific Website
  • XPSfitting Website
  • Techdb Website
  • NIST Website

→  Periodic Table 

 

 

Notes of Caution when using Published BEs and BE Tables from Insulators and Conductors:

  • Accuracy of Published BEs
    • The accuracy depends on the calibration BEs used to calibrate the energy scale of the instrument.  Cu (2p3/2) BE can vary from 932.2 to 932.8 eV for old publications
    • Different authors use different BEs for the C (1s) BE of the hydrocarbons found in adventitious carbon that appears on all materials and samples.  From 284.2 to 285.3 eV
    • The accuracy depends on when the authors last checked or adjusted their energy scale to produce the expected calibration BEs
  • There are uncertainties and error ranges in nearly all BEs 
    • Flood guns
  • Worldwide Differences in Energy Scale Calibrations
    • For various reasons authors still use older energy scale calibrations
    • Some authors still adjust their energy scale so Cu (2p3/2) appears at 932.2 eV or 932.8 eV because this is what the maker taught them
    • This range causes BEs in the higher BE end to be larger than expected
    • This variation increases significantly above 600 eV BE
  • Charge Compensation
    • Samples that behave as true insulators normally require the use of a charge neutralizer (electron flood gun with or without Ar+ ions) so that the measured chemical state spectra can be produced without peak-shape distortions or sloping tails on the low BE side of the peak envelop.
    • Floating all samples (conductive, semi-conductive, and non-conductive) and always using the electron flood gun is considered to produce more reliable BEs and is recommended.
  • Charge Referencing Methods for Insulators
    • Charge referencing is a common method, but it can produce results that are less reliable.
    • When an electron flood gun is used, the BE scale will usually shift to lower BE values by 0.01 to 5.0 eV depending on your voltage setting. Normally, to correct for this flood gun induced shift, the BE of the hydrocarbon C (1s) peak maximum from adventitious carbon is used to correct for the charge induced shift.
    • The hydrocarbon peak is normally the largest peak at the lowest BE.
    • Depending on your preference or training, the C (1s) BE assigned to this hydrocarbon peak varies from 284.8 to 285.0 eV.  Other BEs can be as low as 284.2 eV or as high as 285.3 eV
    • Native oxides that still show the pure metal can suffer differential charging that causes the C (1s) and the O (1s) and the Metal Oxide BE to be larger
    • When using the electron flood gun, the instrument operator should adjust the voltage and the XY position of the electron flood gun to produce peaks from a strong XPS signal (eg O (1s) or C (1s) having the most narrow FWHM and the lowest experimentally measured BE.

→  Periodic Table 

 

Table #1

Al (2p) Chemical State BEs from:  “The XPS Library Spectra-Base”

C (1s) BE = 285.0 eV for TXL BEs
and C (1s) BE = 284.8 eV for NIST BEs

Element Atomic # Compound As-Measured by TXL or NIST Average BE Largest BE Hydrocarbon C (1s) BE  Source
Al 13 Al – element 72.9 eV 285.0 The XPS Library
Al 13 AlGaAs 74.1 eV 285.0 The XPS Library
Al 13 Al2O3 (N*3) 74.3 eV 74.7 eV  284.8 Avg BE – NIST
Al 13 Al-N 74.3 eV 285.0 The XPS Library
Al 13 Pyrope 74.4 eV 285.0 The XPS Library
Al 13 Mica 74.5 eV 285.0 The XPS Library
Al 13 Al2SiO5 74.7 eV 285.0 The XPS Library
Al 13 Al2(SO4)3 (N*1) 74.9 eV 284.8 Avg BE – NIST
Al 13 LiAlSi2O6 75.3 eV 285.0 The XPS Library
Al 13 Al2O3/Al 75.4 eV 75.9 eV 285.0 The XPS Library
Al 13 Al2O3-TiC 75.4 eV 285.0 The XPS Library
Al 13 Al2O3/Al (N*16) 75.6 eV 75.8 eV 284.8 Avg BE – NIST
Al 13 Al-OOH 75.7 eV 285.0 The XPS Library
Al 13 Al(OH)3 76.2 eV 285.0 The XPS Library
Al 13 Al-F3 77.0 eV 285.0 The XPS Library
Al 13 Al-Br3 285.0 The XPS Library
Al 13 Al2(SO4)3 76.2 eV 285.0 The XPS Library

 

 

Charge Referencing

  • (N*number) identifies the number of NIST BEs that were averaged to produce the BE in the middle column.
  • Binding Energy Scale Calibration expects Cu (2p3/2) BE = 932.62 eV and Au (4f7/2) BE = 83.98 eV.  BE (eV) Uncertainty Range:  +/- 0.2 eV
  • Charge Referencing of insulators is defined such that the Adventitious Hydrocarbon C (SO) BE (eV) = 285.0 eV.  NIST uses C (1s) BE = 284.8 eV
  • Note:   Ion etching removes adventitious carbon, implants Ar (+), changes conductivity of surface, and degrades chemistry of various chemical states.
  • Note:  Ion Etching changes BE of C (1s) hydrocarbon peak.
  • TXL – abbreviation for: “The XPS Library” (https://xpslibrary.com).  NIST:  National Institute for Science and Technology (in USA)

 

Table #2

Al (2p) Chemical State BEs from:  “PHI Handbook”

C (1s) BE = 284.8 eV

Copyright ©:  Ulvac-PHI

Table #3

Al (2p) Chemical State BEs from:  “Thermo-Scientific” Website

C (1s) BE = 284.8 eV

Chemical State Binding Energy – Al (2p)
Al metal 72.6 eV
 Aluminosilicate 74.4 eV
 Al oxide 74.6 eV
Al oxide on Al foil 75.6 eV

Copyright ©:  Thermo Scientific website

Table #4

Al (2p) Chemical State BEs from:  “XPSfitting” Website

Chemical State BE Table derived by Averaging BEs in the NIST XPS database of BEs
C (1s) BE = 284.8 eV

Copyright ©:  Mark Beisinger

Table #5

Al (2p) Chemical State BEs from:  “Techdb.podzone.net” Website

XPS Spectra – Chemical Shift | Binding Energy
C (1s) BE = 284.6 eV

Element Level Compound B.E. (eV) min max
Al 2p Al 72.8 ±0.3 72.5 ～ 73.0
Al 2p AlAs 73.6 ±0.3 73.3 ～ 73.9
Al 2p AlGaAs 73.7 ±0.4 73.3 ～ 74.0
Al 2p Al2O3, alpha 73.9 ±0.3 73.6 ～ 74.2
Al 2p Al2O3, gamma 74.0 ±0.3 73.7 ～ 74.3
Al 2p Al2O3, sapphire 74.2 ±0.3 73.9 ～ 74.5
Al 2p AlOOH, boehmite 74.3 ±0.3 74.0 ～ 74.6
Al 2p Oxides 74.5 ±0.3 74.2 ～ 74.8
Al 2p Halides 75.4 ±0.9 74.5 ～ 76.3
Al 2p LiAlH4 75.6 ±0.4 75.2 ～ 76.0
Al 2p AlF3 76.4 ±0.4 76.0 ～ 76.7

Histograms of NIST BEs from Al (2p)
NIST Database defines Adventitious Hydrocarbon C (1s) BE = 284.8 eV for all insulators.

Histogram indicates Al (2p) BE = 72.9 eV for Aluminum Metal (Al)
based on 15 literature BEs		 Histogram indicates Al (2p) BE = 75.7 eV for Native Aluminum Oxide on top of Aluminum based on 18 literature BEs

Table #6

NIST Database of Al (2p) Binding Energies
NIST Standard Reference Database 20, Version 4.1

Data compiled and evaluated
by
Alexander V. Naumkin, Anna Kraut-Vass, Stephen W. Gaarenstroom, and Cedric J. Powell
©2012 copyright by the U.S. Secretary of Commerce on behalf of the United States of America. All rights reserved.

Element Spectral Line Formula Energy (eV) Reference
Al 2p AlN 70.44  Click
Al 2p AlN 70.60  Click
Al 2p AlN 70.60  Click
Al 2p Al2O3 71.10  Click
Al 2p AlNiZr 71.80  Click
Al 2p AlNiY 72.00  Click
Al 2p O2/AlNiZr 72.00  Click
Al 2p O2/AlNiY 72.10  Click
Al 2p AlNiU 72.10  Click
Al 2p AlOx/Al 72.30  Click
Al 2p Al2O3/Al 72.30  Click
Al 2p AlP 72.43  Click
Al 2p Al 72.50  Click
Al 2p AlO1.63/Au 72.50  Click
Al 2p AlO1.46/(-C6H4C(CH3)2C6H4OC(O)O-)n 72.50  Click
Al 2p Al 72.70  Click
Al 2p AlAs 72.71  Click
Al 2p Al 72.80  Click
Al 2p Al 72.80  Click
Al 2p AlAs 72.80  Click
Al 2p AlAs 72.80  Click
Al 2p Al2O3/Al 72.80  Click
Al 2p Al2O3/Al 72.80  Click
Al 2p Al/AlOx 72.80  Click
Al 2p AlAs/GaAs 72.86  Click
Al 2p AlAs/GaAs 72.86  Click
Al 2p Al 72.90  Click
Al 2p AlOx/Al 72.90  Click
Al 2p AlOx/Al 72.90  Click
Al 2p Al2O3/Al 72.90  Click
Al 2p Al2O3/Al 72.90  Click
Al 2p Al2O3/Al 72.90  Click
Al 2p Al2O3/Al 72.90  Click
Al 2p CH3(CH2)17SiCl3/Al 72.90  Click
Al 2p Al/C 72.90  Click
Al 2p Al/Al2O3 72.90  Click
Al 2p Al90.7Cu7.9Fe1.4 72.90  Click
Al 2p Al2O3/Al 72.95  Click
Al 2p Al2O3/Al 73.00  Click
Al 2p Al2O3/Al 73.00  Click
Al 2p Al2O3/Al 73.00  Click
Al 2p Al2O3/Al 73.00  Click
Al 2p Al/O2 73.00  Click
Al 2p Al/SiO2/Mo 73.00  Click
Al 2p Al/Al2O3 73.00  Click
Al 2p Al/Al2O3 73.00  Click
Al 2p Al/Al2O3 73.00  Click
Al 2p Al70.5Mn6.4Pd23.1 73.00  Click
Al 2p AlO1.34/Au 73.00  Click
Al 2p AlO1.21/(-C6H4C(CH3)2C6H4OC(O)O-)n 73.00  Click
Al 2p Al78.9Mn3.8Pd17.3Ox 73.00  Click
Al 2p Al/AlOx 73.00  Click
Al 2p Al2O3/Al 73.02  Click
Al 2p AlN 73.10  Click
Al 2p Al2O3/Al 73.10  Click
Al 2p Al2O3/Al 73.10  Click
Al 2p Al72.1Mn6.9Pd21.0Ox 73.10  Click
Al 2p Al/(-CH2CH2-) 73.20  Click
Al 2p Al2O3/Al 73.24  Click
Al 2p AlSb 73.32  Click
Al 2p AlN1.1 73.50  Click
Al 2p AlN1.2 73.50  Click
Al 2p Pd/Al 73.60  Click
Al 2p Al4C3 73.60  Click
Al 2p (Na,Ca)0.5Fe1.0[Mg1.2Fe1.5Al2.3][Si6.8Al1.2O22](OH)2 73.60  Click
Al 2p Al2O3 73.62  Click
Al 2p Al2O3 73.62  Click
Al 2p Al0.3Ga0.7As 73.70  Click
Al 2p Al0.6Ga0.4As 73.70  Click
Al 2p Al0.6Ga0.4As 73.70  Click
Al 2p O2/Al0.6Ga0.4As 73.70  Click
Al 2p Na12[Al12Si12O48].18H2O 73.70  Click
Al 2p Zr[Al2.0O0.6(OH)1.4F2.3(H2O)1.4](C3H9N)0.7H0.5PO4)2.2.0H2O 73.70  Click
Al 2p Al2TiO5 73.70  Click
Al 2p Na11.9(AlO2)11.9(SiO2)12.1 73.70  Click
Al 2p (Ca1.6Mg0.4)[Mg2.0Fe1.9Al1.0][Si7.2Al0.8O22](OH,Cl) 73.70  Click
Al 2p (CH3)3Al/(-CH2C(OH)H-)n 73.72  Click
Al 2p AlNiYOx 73.80  Click
Al 2p (-Si(OCH3)2O-)xAly 73.80  Click
Al 2p K0.7(NaCa)0.3(Mg2.84Fe0.02)Al1.2Si2.8O10(OH1.5F0.50) 73.80  Click
Al 2p K0.7(NaCa)0.3(Mg2.84Fe0.02)Al1.2Si2.8O10(OH1.5F0.50) 73.80  Click
Al 2p Zr[Al1.0O0.3(OH)0.8F1.0(H2O)0.7](C3H9N)1.3H0.3(PO4)2.2.3H2O 73.80  Click
Al 2p Zr[Al3.4O1.1(OH)1.5F4.9(H2O)2.5](C3H9N)0.3H0.3PO4)2.2.9H2O 73.80  Click
Al 2p Na85.4(AlO2)85.4(SiO2)106.6 73.80  Click
Al 2p AlNiUOx 73.90  Click
Al 2p Al/(-CH2CH(C(O)OH)-)n 73.90  Click
Al 2p Al2O3 74.00  Click
Al 2p Al2O3 74.00  Click
Al 2p Al2O3 74.00  Click
Al 2p K0.9(Mg1.56Fe1.14Ti0.11)Al0.96Si3.0O10(OH1.44F0.56) 74.00  Click
Al 2p K0.9(Mg1.56Fe1.14Ti0.11)Al0.96Si3.0O10(OH1.44F0.56) 74.00  Click
Al 2p ZnAl2O4 74.00  Click
Al 2p Na7.5Al6Si6O24S4.5 74.05  Click
Al 2p Al2O3 74.10  Click
Al 2p Al2O3 74.10  Click
Al 2p Al2O3 74.10  Click
Al 2p Al2O3 74.10  Click
Al 2p MgAl2O4 74.10  Click
Al 2p O2/AlNiY 74.20  Click
Al 2p Al2O3 74.20  Click
Al 2p O2/AlNiZr 74.20  Click
Al 2p InAl6.5P0.4O13 74.20  Click
Al 2p (MgO)2(Al2O3)2(SiO2)5 74.20  Click
Al 2p Al(OH)3 74.20  Click
Al 2p NaAlSi2O6.H2O 74.20  Click
Al 2p (SiO2)55(CaO)21.5(Al2O3)14.5(B2O3)6.0(Na2O)0.8(MgO)0.6(Fe2O3)0.4(TiO2)0.3(F2)0.6(FO2)0.3(K2O)0.1 74.20  Click
Al 2p Al2O3 74.30  Click
Al 2p Al2O3 74.30  Click
Al 2p Al2O3 74.30  Click
Al 2p [(C2H5)2AlNNN]3 74.30  Click
Al 2p SiO2(Al2O3)0.22 74.30  Click
Al 2p MgAl2.7O5.3/SiO2 74.30  Click
Al 2p MgAl2.2O4.75 74.31  Click
Al 2p Al2O3 74.40  Click
Al 2p Al0.2Si0.8O2.2 74.40  Click
Al 2p Al2O3 74.40  Click
Al 2p Al2O3 74.40  Click
Al 2p MgAl2.3O4.8/SiO2 74.40  Click
Al 2p SiO2(Al2O3)0.22 74.40  Click
Al 2p AlPO4 74.40  Click
Al 2p Al(OH)3 74.40  Click
Al 2p H3Na45(AlO2)56(SiO2)136 74.40  Click
Al 2p Na69(NH4)13Al82Si110O384 74.40  Click
Al 2p Al2O3 74.45  Click
Al 2p MgAl2.2O4.75 74.45  Click
Al 2p Al2O3 74.50  Click
Al 2p Al2O3 74.50  Click
Al 2p AlNiZrOx 74.50  Click
Al 2p O2/AlNiU 74.50  Click
Al 2p WO3/Al2O3 74.50  Click
Al 2p Al2N6O2Si4 74.50  Click
Al 2p SiO2(Al2O3)0.55 74.50  Click
Al 2p SiO2(Al2O3)0.22 74.50  Click
Al 2p MgAl2.2O4.7/SiO2 74.50  Click
Al 2p Al3N5O3Si3 74.50  Click
Al 2p Al4N4O4Si2 74.50  Click
Al 2p AlN7OSi5 74.50  Click
Al 2p Al2Si2O5(OH)4 74.50  Click
Al 2p Al2Si2O5(OH)4 74.50  Click
Al 2p Na88Al86Si106O384 74.50  Click
Al 2p Na26.5H24.5Al51Si141O384 74.50  Click
Al 2p Na52(NH4)30Al82Si110O384 74.50  Click
Al 2p Na15(NH4)66Al82Si110O384 74.50  Click
Al 2p MgAl2.2O4.9 74.55  Click
Al 2p MgAl2O5 74.55  Click
Al 2p Al2O3 74.60  Click
Al 2p Al2O3 74.60  Click
Al 2p Al2O3 74.60  Click
Al 2p Al0.44Si0.41P0.13O2.1 74.60  Click
Al 2p K2WO4/Al2O3 74.60  Click
Al 2p SiO2(Al2O3)0.55 74.60  Click
Al 2p SiO2(Al2O3)0.55 74.60  Click
Al 2p AlOOH 74.60  Click
Al 2p Al0.041Si0.264Na0.04K0.02O0.635 74.60  Click
Al 2p H7Na41(AlO2)56(SiO2)136 74.60  Click
Al 2p Na60Al63Si128O384 74.60  Click
Al 2p Mg0.059Al0.126P0.158O0.635 74.60  Click
Al 2p H11Na37(AlO2)56(SiO2)136 74.60  Click
Al 2p (Na,Ca)0.5Fe1.0[Mg1.2Fe1.5Al2.3][Si6.8Al1.2O22](OH)2 74.60  Click
Al 2p Al0.54P0.45O2 74.60  Click
Al 2p Al2O3 74.70  Click
Al 2p SiO2(Al2O3)2.1 74.70  Click
Al 2p SiO2(Al2O3)2.1 74.70  Click
Al 2p Al2Si4O10(OH)2 74.70  Click
Al 2p Na54.5(AlO2)54.5(SiO2)137.5 74.70  Click
Al 2p (Ca1.6Mg0.4)[Mg2.0Fe1.9Al1.0][Si7.2Al0.8O22](OH,Cl) 74.70  Click
Al 2p Al2O3/Al 74.80  Click
Al 2p Al6Si2O13 74.80  Click
Al 2p H20Na28(AlO2)56(SiO2)136 74.80  Click
Al 2p AlOx/Al 74.90  Click
Al 2p O2/Al0.6Ga0.4As 74.90  Click
Al 2p Al2(SO4)3 74.90  Click
Al 2p O2/Al0.3Ga0.7As 74.90  Click
Al 2p O2/Al0.6Ga0.4As 74.90  Click
Al 2p O2/Al0.6Ga0.4As 74.90  Click
Al 2p Al2SiO5 74.90  Click
Al 2p NiAl2O4 74.90  Click
Al 2p Al2O3 75.00  Click
Al 2p Al0.35Si0.48P0.16O2.2 75.00  Click
Al 2p Al2(WO4)3 75.00  Click
Al 2p (CH3)3Al/Ag 75.00  Click
Al 2p AlO1.63/Au 75.10  Click
Al 2p AlO1.46/(-C6H4C(CH3)2C6H4OC(O)O-)n 75.10  Click
Al 2p [(CH3)2AlNNN]3 75.20  Click
Al 2p Al0.55Si0.10P0.35O2.2 75.20  Click
Al 2p Al0.52P0.48O2.2 75.50  Click
Al 2p AlO1.80/Au 75.50  Click
Al 2p Al72.1Mn6.9Pd21.0Ox 75.50  Click
Al 2p AlO1.77/(-C6H4C(CH3)2C6H4OC(O)O-)n 75.50  Click
Al 2p AlO1.72/Au 75.50  Click
Al 2p AlO1.47/(-C6H4C(CH3)2C6H4OC(O)O-)n 75.50  Click
Al 2p AlOx/Al 75.60  Click
Al 2p Al2O3/Al 75.60  Click
Al 2p Al2O3/Al 75.60  Click
Al 2p Al2O3/Al 75.60  Click
Al 2p Al2O3/Al 75.60  Click
Al 2p CH3(CH2)17SiCl3/Al 75.60  Click
Al 2p Al/Al2O3 75.60  Click
Al 2p AlO1.34/Au 75.60  Click
Al 2p AlO1.21/(-C6H4C(CH3)2C6H4OC(O)O-)n 75.60  Click
Al 2p Al2O3/Al 75.65  Click
Al 2p AlOx/Al 75.70  Click
Al 2p AlOx/Al 75.70  Click
Al 2p Al2O3/Al 75.70  Click
Al 2p Al2O3/Al 75.70  Click
Al 2p CaAl2O4 75.70  Click
Al 2p Al2O3/Al 75.75  Click
Al 2p Al2O3/Al 75.77  Click
Al 2p [(C2H5)2AlNH2]3 75.80  Click
Al 2p Al2O3/Al 75.80  Click
Al 2p Al2O3/Al 75.80  Click
Al 2p Al2O3/Al 75.80  Click
Al 2p Al2O3/Al 75.80  Click
Al 2p Al2O3/Al 75.80  Click
Al 2p Al2O3/Al 75.80  Click
Al 2p Al/O2 75.80  Click
Al 2p Al/SiO2/Mo 75.80  Click
Al 2p Al/Al2O3 75.80  Click
Al 2p Al/Al2O3 75.80  Click
Al 2p AlF2.3(OH)0.7.H2O 75.80  Click
Al 2p Al2O3 75.90  Click
Al 2p Al2O3/Al 75.90  Click
Al 2p Al/Al2O3 75.90  Click
Al 2p Al78.9Mn3.8Pd17.3Ox 75.90  Click
Al 2p Al2O3/Al 76.19  Click
Al 2p AlOx/Al 76.40  Click
Al 2p CoAl2O4 76.70  Click
Al 2p AlF3 76.90  Click
Al 2p AlF3 77.10  Click
Al 2p AlSb 79.92  Click

 

Statistical Analysis of Binding Energies in NIST XPS Database of BEs

 

end-of-page