LiBr LiCl LiF LiI LiAlO2 LiB3O5 Li2B4O7 LiBF4 LiNbO3 Li2CO3
Li2MoO4 Li2WO4 LiFePO4 Li2SO4 Basic

XPS Spectra
Lithium (Li) Compounds
The XPS Spectra section provides raw and processed survey spectra, chemical state spectra, BE values, FWHM values, and overlays of key spectra.
Atom% values from surveys are based on sample, as received, and Scofield cross-sections. Atom% values are corrected for IMFP and PE.
Peak-fits are guides for practical, real-world applications. Peak-fits are not fully optimized or designed to test any theory.

Lithium tetra-fluoroborate  (LiBF4)
Survey, Peak-fits, BEs, FWHMs, and Peak Labels

→  Periodic Table   → Six (6) BE Tables
Survey Spectrum from LiBF4
Freshly exposed bulk, Flood gun is ON, C (1s) BE = 285.0 eV, Ag (3d5/2) FWHM = 1.3 eV
→  Periodic Table  → Six (6) BE Tables
B (1s) Spectrum from LiBF4 – Raw
Fresh exposed bulk, Flood gun is ON, C (1s) BE = 285.0 eV, Ag FWHM = 0.75 eV		 B (1s) Spectrum from LiBF4 – Peak-Fit
Freshly exposed bulk, Flood gun is ON, C (1s) BE = 285.0 eV, Ag FWHM = 0.75 eV
 
B (1s) Spectrum from LiBF4 – Extended
Fresh exposed bulk, Flood gun is ON, C (1s) BE = 285.0 eV, Ag FWHM = 0.75 eV		 B (1s) Spectrum from LiBF4 – Expanded
Freshly exposed bulk, Flood gun is ON, C (1s) BE = 285.0 eV, Ag FWHM = 0.75 eV
 
 
→  Periodic Table  → Six (6) BE Tables
Li (1s) Spectrum from LiBF4 – Raw
Fresh exposed bulk, Flood gun is ON, C (1s) BE = 285.0 eV, Ag FWHM = 0.75 eV		 Li (1s) Spectrum from LiBF4 – Peak-fit
Freshly exposed bulk, Flood gun is ON, C (1s) BE = 285.0 eV, Ag FWHM = 0.75 eV
→  Periodic Table  → Six (6) BE Tables
Li (1s) Spectrum from LiBF4 – Extended
Fresh exposed bulk, Flood gun is ON, C (1s) BE = 285.0 eV, Ag FWHM = 0.75 eV		 Li (1s) Spectrum from LiBF4 – Expanded
Freshly exposed bulk, Flood gun is ON, C (1s) BE = 285.0 eV, Ag FWHM = 0.75 eV
→  Periodic Table  → Six (6) BE Tables
F (1s) Spectrum from LiBF4 – Raw
Freshly exposed bulk, Flood gun is ON, C (1s) BE = 285.0 eV, Ag FWHM = 0.75 eV		 F (1s) Spectrum from LiBF4 – Peak-fit
Freshly exposed bulk, Flood gun is ON, C (1s) BE = 285.0 eV, Ag FWHM = 0.75 eV
→  Periodic Table  → Six (6) BE Tables
F (1s) Spectrum from LiBF4 – Extended
Fresh exposed bulk, Flood gun is ON, C (1s) BE = 285.0 eV, Ag FWHM = 0.75 eV		 F (1s) Spectrum from LiBF4 – Expanded
Freshly exposed bulk, Flood gun is ON, C (1s) BE = 285.0 eV, Ag FWHM = 0.75 eV
→  Periodic Table  → Six (6) BE Tables
C (1s) Spectrum from LiBF4 – raw
Freshly exposed bulk, Flood gun is ON, C (1s) BE = 284.50 eV, Ag FWHM = 0.75 eV		 C (1s) Spectrum from LiBF4 – Peak-Fit 
Freshly exposed bulk, Flood gun is ON, C (1s) BE = 285.0 eV, Ag FWHM = 0.75 eV
→  Periodic Table  → Six (6) BE Tables
F (KLL) Auger Spectrum from LiBF4 – Raw
Freshly exposed bulk, Flood gun is ON, C (1s) BE = 285.0 eV, Ag FWHM = 0.75 eV		 Valence Band Signals from LiBF4 – Raw
Freshly exposed bulk, Flood gun is ON, C (1s) BE = 285.0 eV, Ag FWHM = 0.75 eV
na na
 
Overlays
→  Periodic Table  → Six (6) BE Tables

End-of-spectra

Price to purchase raw data sets:
Raw spectra – VAMAS ASCII format ($6)
Raw spectra – SDP binary format ($5)
SDP v9 – $145 (3 yr license)

 

 

 

Transmission Function Tests
 

December 2015 – Transmission Function of Thermo K-Alpha Plus
→  Periodic Table 
Survey Spectra of Ion Etched Copper (Cu), PEs = 50, 100, 150 and 200 eV
→  Periodic Table 
March 2016 – Transmission Function of Thermo K-Alpha Plus 
 
Survey Spectra of Ion Etched Copper (Cu), PEs = 100, 150 and 200 eV
→  Periodic Table  
August 2019 – Transmission Function of Thermo K-Alpha Plus
 
Survey Spectra of HOPG (C), PEs = 20, 50, 100 and 200 eV
→  Periodic Table  
January 2022 – Transmission Function of Thermo K-Alpha Plus
Survey Spectra of Ion Etched Copper (Cu), PEs = 100, 120, 140, 160, 180 and 200 eV

 

Six (6) Chemical State Tables of Li (1s) BEs

 

  • The XPS Library Spectra-Base
  • PHI Handbook
  • Thermo-Scientific Website
  • XPSfitting Website
  • Techdb Website
  • NIST Website

 

 

Notes of Caution when using Published BEs and BE Tables from Insulators and Conductors:

  • Accuracy of Published BEs
    • The accuracy depends on the calibration BEs used to calibrate the energy scale of the instrument.  Cu (2p3/2) BE can vary from 932.2 to 932.8 eV for old publications
    • Different authors use different BEs for the C (1s) BE of the hydrocarbons found in adventitious carbon that appears on all materials and samples.  From 284.2 to 285.3 eV
    • The accuracy depends on when the authors last checked or adjusted their energy scale to produce the expected calibration BEs
  • Worldwide Differences in Energy Scale Calibrations
    • For various reasons authors still use older energy scale calibrations
    • Some authors still adjust their energy scale so Cu (2p3/2) appears at 932.2 eV or 932.8 eV because this is what the maker taught them
    • This range causes BEs in the higher BE end to be larger than expected
    • This variation increases significantly above 600 eV BE
  • Charge Compensation
    • Samples that behave as true insulators normally require the use of a charge neutralizer (electron flood gun with or without Ar+ ions) so that the measured chemical state spectra can be produced without peak-shape distortions or sloping tails on the low BE side of the peak envelop.
    • Floating all samples (conductive, semi-conductive, and non-conductive) and always using the electron flood gun is considered to produce more reliable BEs and is recommended.
  • Charge Referencing Methods for Insulators
    • Charge referencing is a common method, but it can produce results that are less reliable.
    • When an electron flood gun is used, the BE scale will usually shift to lower BE values by 0.01 to 5.0 eV depending on your voltage setting. Normally, to correct for this flood gun induced shift, the BE of the hydrocarbon C (1s) peak maximum from adventitious carbon is used to correct for the charge induced shift.
    • The hydrocarbon peak is normally the largest peak at the lowest BE.
    • Depending on your preference or training, the C (1s) BE assigned to this hydrocarbon peak varies from 284.8 to 285.0 eV.  Other BEs can be as low as 284.2 eV or as high as 285.3 eV
    • Native oxides that still show the pure metal can suffer differential charging that causes the C (1s) and the O (1s) and the Metal Oxide BE to be larger
    • When using the electron flood gun, the instrument operator should adjust the voltage and the XY position of the electron flood gun to produce peaks from a strong XPS signal (eg O (1s) or C (1s) having the most narrow FWHM and the lowest experimentally measured BE.

→  Periodic Table 

Table #1

Li (1s) Chemical State BEs from:  “The XPS Library Spectra-Base”

C (1s) BE = 285.0 eV for TXL BEs
and C (1s) BE = 284.8 eV for NIST BEs

Element Atomic # Compound As-Measured by TXL or NIST Average BE Largest BE in NIST Hydrocarbon C (1s) BE Source
Li 3 Li – element ~54.7 eV 284.8 eV PHI Handbook
Li 3 Li-OH   (N*1) 54.9 eV 284.8 eV Avg BE – NIST
Li 3 Li2CO3 (N*2) 55.1 eV 55.2 eV 284.8 eV Avg BE – NIST
Li 3 Li2WO4 55.1 eV 285.0 eV The XPS Library
Li 3 Li2CO3 55.2 eV 285.0 eV The XPS Library
Li 3 Li2O 55.4 eV 285.0 eV The XPS Library
Li 3 Li2O (N*1) 55.6 eV 55.8 eV 284.8 eV Avg BE – NIST
Li 3 Li-F (N*3) 55.7 eV 56.7 eV 284.8 eV Avg BE – NIST
Li 3 Li-Cl (N*3) 55.8 eV 56.2 eV 284.8 eV Avg BE – NIST
Li 3 Li2SO4 55.8 eV 285.0 eV The XPS Library
Li 3 Li-F 55.9 eV 285.0 eV The XPS Library
Li 3 Li1B3O5 56.3 eV 285.0 eV The XPS Library
Li 3 Li-Cl 56.6 eV 285.0 eV The XPS Library
Li 3 Li-Br 56.6 eV 285.0 eV The XPS Library
Li 3 Li-I 56.8 eV 285.0 eV The XPS Library
Li 3 LiAlSi2O6 56.8 eV 285.0 eV The XPS Library

Charge Referencing

  • (N*number) identifies the number of NIST BEs that were averaged to produce the BE in the middle column.
  • Binding Energy Scale Calibration expects Cu (2p3/2) BE = 932.62 eV and Au (4f7/2) BE = 83.98 eV.  BE (eV) Uncertainty Range:  +/- 0.2 eV
  • Charge Referencing of insulators is defined such that the Adventitious Hydrocarbon C (1s) BE (eV) = 285.0 eV.  NIST uses C (1s) BE = 284.8 eV 
  • Note:   Ion etching removes adventitious carbon, implants Ar (+), changes conductivity of surface, and degrades chemistry of various chemical states.
  • Note:  Ion Etching changes BE of C (1s) hydrocarbon peak.
  • TXL – abbreviation for: “The XPS Library” (https://xpslibrary.com).  NIST:  National Institute for Science and Technology (in USA)

→  Periodic Table 

Table #2

Li (1s) Chemical State BEs from:  “PHI Handbook”

C (1s) BE = 284.8 eV

→  Periodic Table 

Copyright ©:  Ulvac-PHI

Table #3

Li (1s) Chemical State BEs from:  “Thermo-Scientific” Website

C (1s) BE = 284.8 eV

Chemical state Binding energy (eV)
Li (1s)
Li2TiO3 54.7 eV
Li2CO3 55.4 eV
Li2B4O7 55.9 eV
LiF 56.1 eV
LiCl 56.3 eV

→  Periodic Table 

Copyright ©:  Thermo Scientific 

Table #4

Li (1s) Chemical State BEs from:  “XPSfitting” Website

Chemical State BE Table derived by Averaging BEs in the NIST XPS database of BEs
C (1s) BE = 284.8 eV

→  Periodic Table 

Copyright ©:  Mark Beisinger

Table #5

Li (1s) Chemical State BEs from:  “Techdb.podzone.net” Website

 

XPS Spectra – Chemical Shift | Binding Energy
C (1s) BE = 284.6 eV

 

XPS(X線光電子分光法)スペクトル 化学状態 化学シフト ケミカルシフト

Element Level Compound B.E.(eV) min max
Li 1s Li 54.8 ±0.3 54.5 ～ 55.0
Li 1s LiNbO3 55.0 ±0.3 54.7 ～ 55.2
Li 1s LiOH 55.0 ±0.2 54.8 ～ 55.2
Li 1s Li2CO3 55.2 ±0.3 54.9 ～ 55.4
Li 1s Li2O 55.5 ±0.2 55.3 ～ 55.7
Li 1s Li3PO4 55.5 ±0.2 55.3 ～ 55.7
Li 1s LiF 55.6 ±0.2 55.4 ～ 55.8
Li 1s Li4P2O7 55.6 ±0.2 55.4 ～ 55.8
Li 1s LiCl 56.0 ±0.3 55.7 ～ 56.3
Li 1s LiBr 56.8 ±0.3 56.5 ～ 57.0

→  Periodic Table 

 

 
 

Histograms of NIST BEs from Li (1s)

Important Note:  NIST Database defines Adventitious Hydrocarbon C (1s) BE = 284.8 eV for all insulators.

 

Histogram indicates:  55.0 eV for Lio based on 5 literature BEs Histogram indicates:  54.5 eV for LiF based on 4 literature BEs

Histogram indicates:  56.0 eV for LiCl based on 3 literature BEs 

Table #6

NIST Database of Li (1s) Binding Energies

NIST Standard Reference Database 20, Version 4.1

Data compiled and evaluated
by
Alexander V. Naumkin, Anna Kraut-Vass, Stephen W. Gaarenstroom, and Cedric J. Powell
©2012 copyright by the U.S. Secretary of Commerce on behalf of the United States of America. All rights reserved.

Important Note:  NIST Database defines Adventitious Hydrocarbon C (1s) BE = 284.8 eV for all insulators.

 

Element Spectral Line Formula Energy (eV) Reference
Li 1s LiF 49.90  Click
Li 1s Li0.3Ni0.7O 53.60  Click
Li 1s LiNiO2 53.60  Click
Li 1s (Bi2O3)0.200(LiBO2)0.800 54.40  Click
Li 1s (Li2O)0.5(B2O3)0.494(Bi2O3)0.006 54.50  Click
Li 1s Li 54.60  Click
Li 1s Li/Si 54.70  Click
Li 1s Li/Si 54.70  Click
Li 1s (Li2O)0.5(B2O3)0.496(Bi2O3)0.004 54.70  Click
Li 1s Li 54.80  Click
Li 1s LiNbO3 54.80  Click
Li 1s LiBO2 54.80  Click
Li 1s LiBO2 54.80  Click
Li 1s (Li2O)0.4(B2O3)0.54(Bi2O3)0.06 54.80  Click
Li 1s (Li2O)0.5(B2O3)0.5 54.80  Click
Li 1s LiOH 54.90  Click
Li 1s Li 54.90  Click
Li 1s (Bi2O3)0.150(LiBO2)0.850 54.90  Click
Li 1s Li/Si 54.98  Click
Li 1s Li/Si 54.98  Click
Li 1s Li2WO4 55.00  Click
Li 1s Li2WO4 55.00  Click
Li 1s (Li2O)40(P2O5)24(MoO3)36 55.00  Click
Li 1s (Li2O)40(P2O5)18(MoO3)42 55.00  Click
Li 1s (Bi2O3)0.100(LiBO2)0.900 55.00  Click
Li 1s (Bi2O3)0.050(LiBO2)0.950 55.00  Click
Li 1s (Bi2O3)0.020(LiBO2)0.980 55.00  Click
Li 1s (Bi2O3)0.015(LiBO2)0.985 55.00  Click
Li 1s Li/Si 55.01  Click
Li 1s Li/Si 55.01  Click
Li 1s (Li2O)0.50(B2O3)0.50 55.05  Click
Li 1s Li 55.10  Click
Li 1s Li2WO4 55.10  Click
Li 1s (Li2O)40(P2O5)36(MoO3)24 55.10  Click
Li 1s (Li2O)50(P2O5)30(MoO3)20 55.10  Click
Li 1s (Bi2O3)0.010(LiBO2)0.990 55.10  Click
Li 1s (Bi2O3)0.250(LiBO2)0.750 55.10  Click
Li 1s (Bi2O3)0.002(LiBO2)0.998 55.10  Click
Li 1s (Li2O)0.4(B2O3)0.40(Bi2O3)0.20 55.10  Click
Li 1s (Li2O)0.4(B2O3)0.592(Bi2O3)0.008 55.10  Click
Li 1s (Li2O)0.5(B2O3)0.40(Bi2O3)0.10 55.10  Click
Li 1s Li2CO3 55.12  Click
Li 1s Li2CO3 55.20  Click
Li 1s LiN3 55.20  Click
Li 1s (Li2O)50(P2O5)25(MoO3)25 55.20  Click
Li 1s (Li2O)0.50(P2O5)0.35(WO3)0.15 55.20  Click
Li 1s (Li2O)0.50(P2O5)0.45(WO3)0.05 55.20  Click
Li 1s LiPO3 55.20  Click
Li 1s LiBO2 55.20  Click
Li 1s LiBO2 55.20  Click
Li 1s Li/Si 55.20  Click
Li 1s Li/Si 55.20  Click
Li 1s (Bi2O3)0.025(LiBO2)0.975 55.20  Click
Li 1s (Bi2O3)0.001(LiBO2)0.999 55.20  Click
Li 1s (Bi2O3)0.004(LiBO2)0.996 55.20  Click
Li 1s (Li2O)0.4(B2O3)0.50(Bi2O3)0.10 55.20  Click
Li 1s (Li2O)0.5(B2O3)0.499(Bi2O3)0.001 55.20  Click
Li 1s (Li2O)0.5(B2O3)0.42(Bi2O3)0.08 55.20  Click
Li 1s (Li2O)0.40(B2O3)0.60 55.25  Click
Li 1s (Li2O)40(P2O5)54(MoO3)6 55.30  Click
Li 1s (Li2O)50(P2O5)35(MoO3)15 55.30  Click
Li 1s (Li2O)60(P2O5)36(MoO3)4 55.30  Click
Li 1s (Li2O)0.50(P2O5)0.10(WO3)0.40 55.30  Click
Li 1s (Li2O)41.3(P2O5)53.1(Cr2O3)5.6 55.30  Click
Li 1s (Li2O)(P2O5) 55.30  Click
Li 1s LiNbO3 55.30  Click
Li 1s (F2)0.05((Li2O)0.40(B2O3)0.60)0.95 55.30  Click
Li 1s (F2)0.10((Li2O)0.30(B2O3)0.70)0.90 55.30  Click
Li 1s (Li2O)0.4(B2O3)0.6 55.30  Click
Li 1s Li/Si 55.33  Click
Li 1s Li/Si 55.33  Click
Li 1s Li 55.35  Click
Li 1s O2/Li 55.35  Click
Li 1s (F2)0.10((Li2O)0.50(B2O3)0.50)0.90 55.35  Click
Li 1s Li3PO4 55.40  Click
Li 1s Li4P2O7 55.40  Click
Li 1s Li/CaO 55.40  Click
Li 1s (Li2O)50(P2O5)50 55.40  Click
Li 1s (Li2O)0.50(P2O5)0.05(WO3)0.45 55.40  Click
Li 1s (Li2O)0.50(P2O5)0.50 55.40  Click
Li 1s (Li2O)40(P2O5)30(MoO3)30 55.40  Click
Li 1s (Li2O)50(P2O5)45(MoO3)5 55.40  Click
Li 1s (Li2O)0.50(P2O5)0.40(WO3)0.10 55.40  Click
Li 1s Li/Al 55.40  Click
Li 1s (Li2O)47.3(P2O5)52.7 55.40  Click
Li 1s (Li2O)0.4(B2O3)0.598(Bi2O3)0.002 55.40  Click
Li 1s (F2)0.15((Li2O)0.50(B2O3)0.50)0.85 55.40  Click
Li 1s (LiF)0.40(LiPO3)0.60 55.40  Click
Li 1s (Bi2O3)0.003(LiBO2)0.997 55.40  Click
Li 1s (Bi2O3)0.005(LiBO2)0.995 55.40  Click
Li 1s (Li2O)0.4(B2O3)0.59(Bi2O3)0.01 55.40  Click
Li 1s (Li2O)0.4(B2O3)0.596(Bi2O3)0.004 55.40  Click
Li 1s (Li2O)0.5(B2O3)0.498(Bi2O3)0.002 55.40  Click
Li 1s (Li2O)0.5(B2O3)0.497(Bi2O3)0.003 55.40  Click
Li 1s (Li2O)0.5(B2O3)0.492(Bi2O3)0.008 55.40  Click
Li 1s (Li2O)0.5(B2O3)0.48(Bi2O3)0.02 55.40  Click
Li 1s (Li2O)60(P2O5)40 55.50  Click
Li 1s (Li2O)40(P2O5)42(MoO3)18 55.50  Click
Li 1s (Li2O)50(P2O5)40(MoO3)10 55.50  Click
Li 1s (Li2O)0.50(P2O5)0.15(WO3)0.35 55.50  Click
Li 1s (Li2O)0.50(P2O5)0.20(WO3)0.30 55.50  Click
Li 1s (Li2O)58.8(P2O5)37.1(Cr2O3)4.2 55.50  Click
Li 1s (Li2O)60.4(P2O5)32.0(Cr2O3)7.6 55.50  Click
Li 1s (Li2O)49.5(P2O5)45.5(Cr2O3)5.0 55.50  Click
Li 1s (Li2O)50.5(P2O5)30.4(Cr2O3)19.1 55.50  Click
Li 1s (Li2O)61.7(P2O5)38.3 55.50  Click
Li 1s (LiF)0.18(LiPO3)0.82 55.50  Click
Li 1s (F2)0.30(LiPO3)0.70 55.50  Click
Li 1s (F2)0.40(LiPO3)0.60 55.50  Click
Li 1s (LiF)0.15(LiPO3)0.85 55.50  Click
Li 1s (LiF)0.30(LiPO3)0.70 55.50  Click
Li 1s (LiF)0.35(LiPO3)0.65 55.50  Click
Li 1s (F2)0.20((Li2O)0.30(B2O3)0.70)0.80 55.50  Click
Li 1s (F2)0.20((Li2O)0.50(B2O3)0.50)0.80 55.50  Click
Li 1s (Li2O)0.4(B2O3)0.594(Bi2O3)0.006 55.50  Click
Li 1s (Li2O)0.5(B2O3)0.49(Bi2O3)0.01 55.50  Click
Li 1s (Li2O)0.5(B2O3)0.47(Bi2O3)0.03 55.50  Click
Li 1s (Li2O)0.5(B2O3)0.30(Bi2O3)0.20 55.50  Click
Li 1s Li/Si 55.54  Click
Li 1s Li/Si 55.54  Click
Li 1s (F2)0.25((Li2O)0.30(B2O3)0.70)0.75 55.55  Click
Li 1s (F2)0.05((Li2O)0.50(B2O3)0.50)0.95 55.55  Click
Li 1s (F2)0.10((Li2O)0.40(B2O3)0.60)0.90 55.56  Click
Li 1s Li/Si 55.58  Click
Li 1s Li/Si 55.58  Click
Li 1s Li2O 55.60  Click
Li 1s Li4P2O7 55.60  Click
Li 1s LiCrO2 55.60  Click
Li 1s LiClO4 55.60  Click
Li 1s LiClO4 55.60  Click
Li 1s O2/Li 55.60  Click
Li 1s (Li2O)40(P2O5)60 55.60  Click
Li 1s (Li2O)0.50(P2O5)0.20(WO3)0.30 55.60  Click
Li 1s (Li2O)0.50(P2O5)0.25(WO3)0.25 55.60  Click
Li 1s (Li2O)0.50(P2O5)0.30(WO3)0.20 55.60  Click
Li 1s (Li2O)40.7(P2O5)59.3 55.60  Click
Li 1s (Li2O)40.2(P2O5)35.3(Cr2O3)24.6 55.60  Click
Li 1s (Li2O)51.0(P2O5)39.4(Cr2O3)9.7 55.60  Click
Li 1s (Li2O)51.1(P2O5)36.9(Cr2O3)12.0 55.60  Click
Li 1s (LiF)0.05(LiPO3)0.95 55.60  Click
Li 1s (Li2O)0.30(B2O3)0.70 55.60  Click
Li 1s (F2)0.05((Li2O)0.30(B2O3)0.70)0.95 55.65  Click
Li 1s LiF 55.70  Click
Li 1s LiF 55.70  Click
Li 1s Li/CaO 55.70  Click
Li 1s Li2.74V2O5 55.70  Click
Li 1s O2/Li 55.70  Click
Li 1s (Li2O)40(P2O5)48(MoO3)12 55.70  Click
Li 1s LiB3O5 55.70  Click
Li 1s (Li2O)40.5(P2O5)47.4(Cr2O3)12.1 55.70  Click
Li 1s (Li2O)40.1(P2O5)41.9(Cr2O3)18.0 55.70  Click
Li 1s (F2)0.20(LiPO3)0.80 55.70  Click
Li 1s (F2)0.25(LiPO3)0.75 55.70  Click
Li 1s (F2)0.35(LiPO3)0.65 55.70  Click
Li 1s (LiF)0.10(LiPO3)0.90 55.70  Click
Li 1s (F2)0.30((Li2O)0.30(B2O3)0.70)0.70 55.70  Click
Li 1s Li2SO4 55.75  Click
Li 1s (F2)0.20((Li2O)0.40(B2O3)0.60)0.80 55.75  Click
Li 1s LiCl 55.80  Click
Li 1s LiNO3 55.80  Click
Li 1s (F2)0.15((Li2O)0.30(B2O3)0.70)0.85 55.85  Click
Li 1s (F2)0.15((Li2O)0.40(B2O3)0.60)0.85 55.85  Click
Li 1s O2/Li 55.90  Click
Li 1s (F2)0.25((Li2O)0.40(B2O3)0.60)0.75 55.90  Click
Li 1s Li/CaO 56.00  Click
Li 1s LiCl 56.10  Click
Li 1s Li/Si 56.12  Click
Li 1s Li/Si 56.12  Click
Li 1s Li/Si 56.13  Click
Li 1s Li/Si 56.13  Click
Li 1s Li/Si 56.17  Click
Li 1s Li/Si 56.17  Click
Li 1s LiCl 56.20  Click
Li 1s Li/CaO 56.30  Click
Li 1s LiClO4 56.50  Click
Li 1s LiClO4 56.50  Click
Li 1s Li/Si 56.60  Click
Li 1s Li/Si 56.60  Click
Li 1s Li/Si 56.62  Click
Li 1s Li/Si 56.62  Click
Li 1s Li/Si 56.65  Click
Li 1s Li/Si 56.65  Click
Li 1s LiF 56.70  Click
Li 1s LiBr 56.80  Click
Li 1s LiF 56.80  Click
Li 1s Li/CaO 56.80  Click
Li 1s Li2CrO4 57.10  Click
Li 1s LiC6 57.10  Click
Li 1s LiClO4 57.20  Click
Li 1s LiClO4 57.20  Click

→  Periodic Table 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Statistical Analysis of Binding Energies in NIST XPS Database of BEs

 

Six (6) Chemical State Tables of F (1s) BEs

 

  • The XPS Library Spectra-Base
  • PHI Handbook
  • Thermo-Scientific Website
  • XPSfitting Website
  • Techdb Website
  • NIST Website

 

 

Notes of Caution when using Published BEs and BE Tables from Insulators and Conductors:

  • Accuracy of Published BEs
    • The accuracy depends on the calibration BEs used to calibrate the energy scale of the instrument.  Cu (2p3) BE can vary from 932.2 to 932.8 eV for old publications
    • Different authors use different BEs for the C (1s) BE of the hydrocarbons found in adventitious carbon that appears on all materials and samples.  From 284.2 to 285.3 eV
    • The accuracy depends on when the authors last checked or adjusted their energy scale to produce the expected calibration BEs
  • Worldwide Differences in Energy Scale Calibrations
    • For various reasons authors still use older energy scale calibrations
    • Some authors still adjust their energy scale so Cu (2p3/2) appears at 932.2 eV or 932.8 eV because this is what the maker taught them
    • This range causes BEs in the higher BE end to be larger than expected
    • This variation increases significantly above 600 eV BE
  • Charge Compensation
    • Samples that behave as true insulators normally require the use of a charge neutralizer (electron flood gun with or without Ar+ ions) so that the measured chemical state spectra can be produced without peak-shape distortions or sloping tails on the low BE side of the peak envelop.
    • Floating all samples (conductive, semi-conductive, and non-conductive) and always using the electron flood gun is considered to produce more reliable BEs and is recommended.
  • Charge Referencing Methods for Insulators
    • Charge referencing is a common method, but it can produce results that are less reliable.
    • When an electron flood gun is used, the BE scale will usually shift to lower BE values by 0.01 to 5.0 eV depending on your voltage setting. Normally, to correct for this flood gun induced shift, the BE of the hydrocarbon C (1s) peak maximum from adventitious carbon is used to correct for the charge induced shift.
    • The hydrocarbon peak is normally the largest peak at the lowest BE.
    • Depending on your preference or training, the C (1s) BE assigned to this hydrocarbon peak varies from 284.8 to 285.0 eV.  Other BEs can be as low as 284.2 eV or as high as 285.3 eV
    • Native oxides that still show the pure metal can suffer differential charging that causes the C (1s) and the O (1s) and the Metal Oxide BE to be larger
    • When using the electron flood gun, the instrument operator should adjust the voltage and the XY position of the electron flood gun to produce peaks from a strong XPS signal (eg O (1s) or C (1s) having the most narrow FWHM and the lowest experimentally measured BE.

→  Periodic Table 

Table #1

F (1s) Chemical State BEs from:  “The XPS Library Spectra-Base”

C (1s) BE = 285.0 eV for TXL BEs
and C (1s) BE = 284.8 eV for NIST BEs

Element Atomic # Compound As-Measured by TXL or
NIST Average BE		 Largest BE Hydrocarbon C (1s) BE  Source
F 9 F-CuF 684.0 eV 285.0 eV The XPS Library
F 9 F-metals 684.0 eV 687.4 eV 285.0 eV The XPS Library
F 9 F-Li 685.0 eV 685.2 eV 285.0 eV The XPS Library
F 9 F-BeF 685.1 eV 285.0 eV The XPS Library
F 9 F-TiF2 685.4 eV 285.0 eV The XPS Library
F 9 F-CaF 685.6 eV 285.0 eV The XPS Library
F 9 F-MgF 686.6 eV 285.0 eV The XPS Library
F 9 F-CH 686.8 eV 688.0 eV 285.0 eV The XPS Library
F 9 F-AlF2 687.4 eV 285.0 eV The XPS Library
F 9 F-CF2-CH2- 688.4 eV 285.0 eV The XPS Library
F 9 F-CF2-O 689.0 eV 689.2 eV 285.0 eV The XPS Library
F 9 F-CF-CF2 689.3 eV 285.0 eV The XPS Library

 

Charge Referencing

  • (N*number) identifies the number of NIST BEs that were averaged to produce the BE in the middle column.
  • Binding Energy Scale Calibration expects Cu (2p3/2) BE = 932.62 eV and Au (4f7/2) BE = 83.98 eV.  BE (eV) Uncertainty Range:  +/- 0.2 eV
  • Charge Referencing of insulators is defined such that the Adventitious Hydrocarbon C (1s) BE (eV) = 285.0 eV.  NIST uses C (1s) BE = 284.8 eV 
  • Note:   Ion etching removes adventitious carbon, implants Ar (+), changes conductivity of surface, and degrades chemistry of various chemical states.
  • Note:  Ion Etching changes BE of C (1s) hydrocarbon peak.
  • TXL – abbreviation for: “The XPS Library” (https://xpslibrary.com).  NIST:  National Institute for Science and Technology (in USA)

→  Periodic Table 

Table #2

F (1s) Chemical State BEs from:  “PHI Handbook”

C (1s) BE = 284.8 eV

→  Periodic Table 

Copyright ©:  Ulvac-PHI

Table #3

F (1s) Chemical State BEs from:  “Thermo-Scientific” Website

C (1s) BE = 284.8 eV

Chemical state Binding energy F(1s) / eV
Metal fluorides 684-685.5
Organic fluorine 688-689

→  Periodic Table 

Copyright ©:  Thermo Scientific 

Table #4

F (1s) Chemical State BEs from:  “XPSfitting” Website

Chemical State BE Table derived by Averaging BEs in the NIST XPS database of BEs
C (1s) BE = 284.8 eV

→  Periodic Table 

Copyright ©:  Mark Beisinger

Table #5

F (1s) Chemical State BEs from:  “Techdb.podzone.net” Website

 

XPS Spectra – Chemical Shift | Binding Energy
C (1s) BE = 284.6 eV

XPS(X線光電子分光法)スペクトル 化学状態 化学シフト ケミカルシフト

Element Level Compound B.E.(eV) min max
F 1s BaF2 684.0 ±0.7 683.3 ～ 684.6
F 1s KF 684.1 ±0.3 683.8 ～ 684.4
F 1s NaF 684.2 ±0.5 683.7 ～ 684.6
F 1s LiF 685.1 ±0.3 684.8 ～ 685.3
F 1s MgF2 685.8 ±0.3 685.5 ～ 686.0
F 1s Ph3PBF3 685.8 ±0.3 685.5 ～ 686.0
F 1s AlF3･3H2O 686.3 ±0.3 686.0 ～ 686.5
F 1s Na2SiF6 686.4 ±0.2 686.2 ～ 686.6
F 1s EtNH2BF3 686.6 ±0.3 686.3 ～ 686.8
F 1s NaBF4 687.0 ±0.3 686.7 ～ 687.3
F 1s p-(CF2=CF2) 688.9 ±0.3 688.6 ～ 689.2

→  Periodic Table 

 

Histograms of NIST BEs for F (1s) BEs

Important Note:  NIST Database defines Adventitious Hydrocarbon C (1s) BE = 284.8 eV for all insulators.

 

Histogram indicates:  684.1 eV for F- in MF based on 20 literature BEs Histogram indicates:  684.8 eV for F- in MF2 based on 40 literature BEs

Histogram indicates:  685.3 eV for F- in MF3 based on 16 literature BEs

Table #6


NIST Database of F (1s) Binding Energies

NIST Standard Reference Database 20, Version 4.1

Data compiled and evaluated
by
Alexander V. Naumkin, Anna Kraut-Vass, Stephen W. Gaarenstroom, and Cedric J. Powell
©2012 copyright by the U.S. Secretary of Commerce on behalf of the United States of America. All rights reserved.

Important Note:  NIST Database defines Adventitious Hydrocarbon C (1s) BE = 284.8 eV for all insulators.

 

Element Spectral Line Formula Energy (eV) Reference
F 1s CsF 682.40  Click
F 1s AgF 682.70  Click
F 1s KF 682.78  Click
F 1s AgF 682.80  Click
F 1s AgF 682.80  Click
F 1s RbF 682.90  Click
F 1s Na2SbF5 683.40  Click
F 1s PbF2 683.60  Click
F 1s CsSbF4 683.60  Click
F 1s RbF 683.60  Click
F 1s BaF2 683.70  Click
F 1s PbF2 683.70  Click
F 1s NaF 683.70  Click
F 1s BaF2 683.73  Click
F 1s KF 683.80  Click
F 1s K2SbF5 683.90  Click
F 1s KF 683.90  Click
F 1s K3FeF6 684.00  Click
F 1s BaF2 684.20  Click
F 1s CdF2 684.20  Click
F 1s SrF2 684.22  Click
F 1s SrF2 684.22  Click
F 1s NaF 684.27  Click
F 1s BaF2 684.30  Click
F 1s CuF2 684.30  Click
F 1s CuF2 684.30  Click
F 1s CuF2 684.30  Click
F 1s CuF2 684.30  Click
F 1s K3ZrF7 684.30  Click
F 1s KSb2F7 684.30  Click
F 1s CdF2 684.40  Click
F 1s KF 684.40  Click
F 1s NiF2 684.50  Click
F 1s SrF2 684.50  Click
F 1s SrF2 684.50  Click
F 1s ZnF2 684.50  Click
F 1s LaF3 684.50  Click
F 1s NaF 684.50  Click
F 1s NaF 684.50  Click
F 1s NaF 684.50  Click
F 1s CdF2 684.60  Click
F 1s PrF3 684.60  Click
F 1s SmF3 684.60  Click
F 1s K2ZrF6 684.60  Click
F 1s K2ZrF6 684.60  Click
F 1s Ca10(PO4)6F2 684.60  Click
F 1s UO2F2 684.60  Click
F 1s CaF2 684.63  Click
F 1s [N(C2H5)4][SbF6] 684.70  Click
F 1s CrF2 684.70  Click
F 1s CuF2 684.70  Click
F 1s CuF2 684.70  Click
F 1s UF4 684.70  Click
F 1s K2UF6 684.70  Click
F 1s NiF2.4H2O 684.70  Click
F 1s Cs2[WF4O2] 684.70  Click
F 1s Cs2[MoF4O2] 684.70  Click
F 1s GdF3 684.77  Click
F 1s LiF 684.79  Click
F 1s CaF2 684.80  Click
F 1s CaF2 684.80  Click
F 1s CdF2 684.80  Click
F 1s CuF2 684.80  Click
F 1s CuF2 684.80  Click
F 1s MnF2 684.80  Click
F 1s SnF2 684.80  Click
F 1s SrF2 684.80  Click
F 1s SrF2 684.80  Click
F 1s ZnF2 684.80  Click
F 1s NdF3 684.80  Click
F 1s UF4 684.80  Click
F 1s UF4 684.80  Click
F 1s UF5 684.80  Click
F 1s KZrF5.H2O 684.80  Click
F 1s CaF2 684.90  Click
F 1s CdF2 684.90  Click
F 1s FeF2 684.90  Click
F 1s ThF4 684.90  Click
F 1s K2TiF6 684.90  Click
F 1s SrF2 684.90  Click
F 1s MnF2 685.00  Click
F 1s NiF2 685.00  Click
F 1s SrF2 685.00  Click
F 1s SrF2 685.00  Click
F 1s FeF3 685.00  Click
F 1s GdF3 685.00  Click
F 1s K2TiF6 685.00  Click
F 1s Na2ZrF6 685.00  Click
F 1s LiF 685.00  Click
F 1s LiF 685.00  Click
F 1s PrOF 685.00  Click
F 1s Si0.284Zr0.031O0.657F0.028 685.00  Click
F 1s NiF2 685.10  Click
F 1s ZnF2 685.10  Click
F 1s CrF3 685.10  Click
F 1s CrF3 685.10  Click
F 1s ZrF4 685.10  Click
F 1s ZrF4 685.10  Click
F 1s NaSbF6 685.10  Click
F 1s K2TaF7 685.10  Click
F 1s K2SnF6.H2O 685.10  Click
F 1s LiF 685.10  Click
F 1s NdOF 685.10  Click
F 1s Na2BeF4 685.20  Click
F 1s InF3 685.20  Click
F 1s SnF4 685.20  Click
F 1s K2GeF6 685.20  Click
F 1s NaTaF6 685.20  Click
F 1s K2NbF7 685.20  Click
F 1s K2TaF7 685.20  Click
F 1s GaF3.3H2O 685.20  Click
F 1s LaOF 685.20  Click
F 1s Zr0.332O0.639F0.021 685.20  Click
F 1s Si0.322Zr0.005O0.655F0.019 685.20  Click
F 1s LaF3 685.30  Click
F 1s NaSnF3 685.30  Click
F 1s UF3 685.30  Click
F 1s YF3 685.30  Click
F 1s Na2TiF6 685.30  Click
F 1s GaF3.3H2O 685.30  Click
F 1s InF3.3H2O 685.30  Click
F 1s InF3.3H2O 685.30  Click
F 1s EuOF 685.30  Click
F 1s Si0.316Zr0.013O0.664F0.008 685.30  Click
F 1s Si0.057Zr0.269O0.597F0.078 685.30  Click
F 1s MgF2 685.40  Click
F 1s CrF3 685.40  Click
F 1s CrF3 685.40  Click
F 1s HfF4 685.40  Click
F 1s UF4 685.40  Click
F 1s K2NbF7 685.40  Click
F 1s Si0.284Zr0.042O0.656F0.017 685.40  Click
F 1s Si0.255Zr0.061O0.675F0.008 685.40  Click
F 1s Si0.294Zr0.029O0.670F0.006 685.40  Click
F 1s Si0.255Zr0.072O0.665F0.008 685.40  Click
F 1s CrF3 685.50  Click
F 1s CrF3 685.50  Click
F 1s Na3AlF6 685.50  Click
F 1s Na3TaF8 685.50  Click
F 1s YOF 685.50  Click
F 1s Zr0.339O0.555F0.106 685.50  Click
F 1s Si0.251Zr0.074O0.651F0.025 685.50  Click
F 1s Si0.314Zr0.012O0.655F0.019 685.50  Click
F 1s MgF2 685.52  Click
F 1s C5H5N.BF3 685.60  Click
F 1s CrF3 685.60  Click
F 1s CrF3 685.60  Click
F 1s Na2TaF7 685.60  Click
F 1s [Pt2(NCCH3)6].(BF4)2 685.60  Click
F 1s UO2F2 685.60  Click
F 1s Si0.277Zr0.043O0.642F0.038 685.60  Click
F 1s MgF2 685.70  Click
F 1s NaBeF3 685.70  Click
F 1s K3RhF6 685.70  Click
F 1s [(P(C6H5)3)].BF3 685.70  Click
F 1s Si0.300Zr0.028O0.640F0.032 685.70  Click
F 1s MgF2 685.75  Click
F 1s BeF2 685.80  Click
F 1s [BF3(PO(C6H5)3)] 685.80  Click
F 1s BeF2 685.90  Click
F 1s CuF2 685.90  Click
F 1s CuF2 685.90  Click
F 1s ZrF4 685.90  Click
F 1s ZrF4 685.90  Click
F 1s Na2GeF6 685.90  Click
F 1s CsF 685.90  Click
F 1s (CH3C5H3NCH3).BF3 685.90  Click
F 1s LiF 685.90  Click
F 1s [IrCl(CO)(C2F4)(P(C6H5)3)2] 686.00  Click
F 1s HgF2 686.00  Click
F 1s Na2SiF6 686.00  Click
F 1s [Pt(C2F4)(P(C6H5)3)2] 686.10  Click
F 1s MnF2 686.10  Click
F 1s [Cu(NH2CSNH2)3].BF4 686.20  Click
F 1s AlF3.3H2O 686.30  Click
F 1s AlF3.3H2O 686.30  Click
F 1s Na2SiF6 686.40  Click
F 1s [PF(OC2H5)2] 686.40  Click
F 1s [RuCl(NO)2(P(C6H5)3)2].BF4 686.40  Click
F 1s KMgF3 686.50  Click
F 1s LiF 686.50  Click
F 1s KSbF6 686.60  Click
F 1s K2SiF6 686.60  Click
F 1s (NH3).BF3 686.60  Click
F 1s (C2H5NH2).BF3 686.60  Click
F 1s YbF3 686.70  Click
F 1s [RuCl(CH3C6H4NN)2(P(C6H5)3)2].BF4 686.70  Click
F 1s Si0.284Zr0.031O0.657F0.028 686.80  Click
F 1s [RhCl(C2F4)(P(C6H5)3)2] 686.90  Click
F 1s (-CHFCH2-)n 686.94  Click
F 1s CH3CN.BF3 687.00  Click
F 1s NaBF4 687.00  Click
F 1s (-CH2CHCl-)1.5n(-CClFCF2-)n 687.00  Click
F 1s AlF2.3(OH)0.7.H2O 687.00  Click
F 1s Cl,F in (ONO2)CHC(CH2ONO2)2CH(ONO2) 687.10  Click
F 1s (-CH2CHCl-)1.5n(-CClFCF2-)n 687.20  Click
F 1s [OP(C6H4F)3] 687.30  Click
F 1s [P(C6H4F)3] 687.40  Click
F 1s Cl,F in (ONO2)CHC(CH2ONO2)2CH(ONO2) 687.40  Click
F 1s Cl,F in (ONO2)CHC(CH2ONO2)2CH(ONO2) 687.40  Click
F 1s Si0.255Zr0.072O0.665F0.008 687.40  Click
F 1s AlF3 687.50  Click
F 1s Si0.284Zr0.042O0.656F0.017 687.50  Click
F 1s Si0.294Zr0.029O0.670F0.006 687.50  Click
F 1s Si0.251Zr0.074O0.651F0.025 687.50  Click
F 1s Si0.277Zr0.043O0.642F0.038 687.50  Click
F 1s Si0.314Zr0.012O0.655F0.019 687.50  Click
F 1s Si0.322Zr0.005O0.655F0.019 687.50  Click
F 1s K2NiF6 687.60  Click
F 1s Si0.300Zr0.028O0.640F0.032 687.60  Click
F 1s [Au9(P(C6H5)3)8](PF6)3 687.65  Click
F 1s -NHC(O)NHC(O)C(F)CH- 687.70  Click
F 1s Si0.334O0.649F0.017 687.70  Click
F 1s Si0.316Zr0.013O0.664F0.008 687.70  Click
F 1s Si0.255Zr0.061O0.675F0.008 687.70  Click
F 1s Si0.328Zr0.001O0.665F0.007 687.70  Click
F 1s AlF3 687.80  Click
F 1s AlF3 687.80  Click
F 1s Si0.334O0.661F0.005 687.80  Click
F 1s Si0.057Zr0.269O0.597F0.078 687.90  Click
F 1s [Au8(P(C6H5)3)8](PF6)2 687.95  Click
F 1s (-CF2CH2-)n 688.15  Click
F 1s (-CH2-CF2-)n 688.15  Click
F 1s (-CH2CH(OC(O)CF3)-)n 688.16  Click
F 1s SF6 688.20  Click
F 1s (-CH2CH(C(O)OCH2CF3)-)n 688.20  Click
F 1s [Ni(CF3COO)2] 688.40  Click
F 1s (-CH2CH(C(O)OCH2(CF2)4CF(CF3)CF3)-CH2CH(C(O)OCH2(CF2)7F)-)n 688.50  Click
F 1s (-CF(CF3)CF2-)x(-CF2CH2-)y 688.80  Click
F 1s (-CH2C(CH3)(C(O)OCH2(CF2)4CF(CF3)CF3)-CH2C(CH3)(C(O)OCH2(CF2)7F)-)n 688.80  Click
F 1s (-CH2CH(C(O)OCH2CH2(CF2)mCF3-)n 688.80  Click
F 1s CF2 689.00  Click
F 1s CF3[(-OCF(CF3)C-F2)n(-OC-F2)m]xOCF3 689.08  Click
F 1s (-CHFCHF-)n 689.10  Click
F 1s (-CHFCH2-)n 689.10  Click
F 1s SF6/O2/Ni 689.20  Click
F 1s (-CF2CH2-)n 689.40  Click
F 1s (-CH2-CF2-)n 689.40  Click
F 1s (-CF2-CF2-)n 689.40  Click
F 1s (-CF2CF2-)n 689.40  Click
F 1s SF6/O2/Ni 689.40  Click
F 1s SF6/Ni 689.40  Click
F 1s [W(CO)2(C5H5)(F3CC6H4C(N)C6H4CF3)] 689.50  Click
F 1s C6H5F 689.60  Click
F 1s C6H5F 689.60  Click
F 1s SF6/Ni 689.65  Click
F 1s (-CF2-CF2-)n 689.67  Click
F 1s (-CF2CF2-)n 689.67  Click
F 1s C6H4F2 689.80  Click
F 1s Xe/teflon 689.90  Click
F 1s C2HF3 689.90  Click
F 1s (-CF2-CF2-)n 690.00  Click
F 1s (-CF2CF2-)n 690.00  Click
F 1s SF6/O2/Ni 690.00  Click
F 1s (-CF2-CF2-)n 690.10  Click
F 1s (-CF2CF2-)n 690.10  Click
F 1s SF6/Ni 690.25  Click
F 1s (-CF2-CF2-)n 690.30  Click
F 1s (-CF2CF2-)n 690.30  Click
F 1s C6HF5 690.70  Click
F 1s C6H5CF3 690.80  Click
F 1s C6F6 690.90  Click
F 1s SF6 692.70  Click
F 1s SF6 693.50  Click
F 1s [NF4][BF4] 694.20  Click
F 1s [PF2N]5 694.54  Click

→  Periodic Table 

 

 

Statistical Analysis of Binding Energies in NIST XPS Database of BEs

 

 

Six (6) Chemical State Tables of B (1s) BEs

 

  • The XPS Library Spectra-Base
  • PHI Handbook
  • Thermo-Scientific Website
  • XPSfitting Website
  • Techdb Website
  • NIST Website

 

 

Notes of Caution when using Published BEs and BE Tables from Insulators and Conductors:

  • Accuracy of Published BEs
    • The accuracy depends on the calibration BEs used to calibrate the energy scale of the instrument.  Cu (2p3/2) BE can vary from 932.2 to 932.8 eV for old publications
    • Different authors use different BEs for the C (1s) BE of the hydrocarbons found in adventitious carbon that appears on all materials and samples.  From 284.2 to 285.3 eV
    • The accuracy depends on when the authors last checked or adjusted their energy scale to produce the expected calibration BEs
  • Worldwide Differences in Energy Scale Calibrations
    • For various reasons authors still use older energy scale calibrations
    • Some authors still adjust their energy scale so Cu (2p3/2) appears at 932.2 eV or 932.8 eV because this is what the maker taught them
    • This range causes BEs in the higher BE end to be larger than expected
    • This variation increases significantly above 600 eV BE
  • Charge Compensation
    • Samples that behave as true insulators normally require the use of a charge neutralizer (electron flood gun with or without Ar+ ions) so that the measured chemical state spectra can be produced without peak-shape distortions or sloping tails on the low BE side of the peak envelop.
    • Floating all samples (conductive, semi-conductive, and non-conductive) and always using the electron flood gun is considered to produce more reliable BEs and is recommended.
  • Charge Referencing Methods for Insulators
    • Charge referencing is a common method, but it can produce results that are less reliable.
    • When an electron flood gun is used, the BE scale will usually shift to lower BE values by 0.01 to 5.0 eV depending on your voltage setting. Normally, to correct for this flood gun induced shift, the BE of the hydrocarbon C (1s) peak maximum from adventitious carbon is used to correct for the charge induced shift.
    • The hydrocarbon peak is normally the largest peak at the lowest BE.
    • Depending on your preference or training, the C (1s) BE assigned to this hydrocarbon peak varies from 284.8 to 285.0 eV.  Other BEs can be as low as 284.2 eV or as high as 285.3 eV
    • Native oxides that still show the pure metal can suffer differential charging that causes the C (1s) and the O (1s) and the Metal Oxide BE to be larger
    • When using the electron flood gun, the instrument operator should adjust the voltage and the XY position of the electron flood gun to produce peaks from a strong XPS signal (eg O (1s) or C (1s) having the most narrow FWHM and the lowest experimentally measured BE.

→  Periodic Table 

Table #1

B (1s) Chemical State BEs from:  “The XPS Library Spectra-Base”

C (1s) BE = 285.0 eV for TXL BEs
and C (1s) BE = 284.8 eV for NIST BEs

 

Element Atomic # Compound As-Measured by TXL or NIST Average BE Largest BE Hydrocarbon C (1s) BE  Source
B 5 B4C (N*2) 186.5 eV 186.9 eV 284.8 eV Avg BE – NIST
B 5 B – element 187.9 eV The XPS Library
B 5 TIB2 (N*1) 187.5 eV 284.8 eV Avg BE – NIST
B 5 CrB2 187.9 eV 285.0 eV The XPS Library
B 5 W2B5 (N*1) 187.9 eV 284.8 eV Avg BE – NIST
B 5 CrB2 (N*1) 188.0 eV 284.8 eV Avg BE – NIST
B 5 MoB2 188.0 eV 285.0 eV The XPS Library
B 5 LaB6 188.1 eV 285.0 eV The XPS Library
B 5 WB 188.1 eV 188.5 eV 285.0 eV The XPS Library
B 5 Ni3B 188.2 eV 285.0 eV The XPS Library
B 5 Fe2B (N*2) 188.3 eV 188.4 eV 284.8 eV Avg BE – NIST
B 5 MoB2 (N*1) 188.4 eV 284.8 eV Avg BE – NIST
B 5 B-N (N*10) 190.0 eV 192.2 eV 284.8 eV Avg BE – NIST
B 5 B-N 190.8 eV 285.0 eV The XPS Library
B 5 B-2O3 (N*5) 192.0 eV 193.6 eV 284.8 eV Avg BE – NIST
B 5 B-2O3 192.6 eV 193.7 eV 285.0 eV The XPS Library
B 5 B-(OH)3 (N*4) 193.0 eV 193.6 eV 284.8 eV Avg BE – NIST
B 5 NaBF4 (N*3) 194.9 eV 195.8 eV 284.8 eV Avg BE – NIST
B 5 NaBF4 196.0 eV 285.0 eV The XPS Library

 

Notes on Charge Referencing

  • (N*number) identifies the number of NIST BEs that were averaged to produce the BE in the middle column.
  • Binding Energy Scale Calibration expects Cu (2p3/2) BE = 932.62 eV and Au (4f7/2) BE = 83.98 eV.  BE (eV) Uncertainty Range:  +/- 0.2 eV
  • Charge Referencing of insulators is defined such that the Adventitious Hydrocarbon C (1s) BE (eV) = 285.0 eV.  NIST uses C (1s) BE = 284.8 eV 
  • Note:   Ion etching removes adventitious carbon, implants Ar (+), changes conductivity of surface, and degrades chemistry of various chemical states.
  • Note:  Ion Etching changes BE of C (1s) hydrocarbon peak.
  • TXL – abbreviation for: “The XPS Library” (https://xpslibrary.com).  NIST:  National Institute for Science and Technology (in USA)

→  Periodic Table 

Table #2

B (1s) Chemical State BEs from:  “PHI Handbook”

C (1s) BE = 284.8 eV

→  Periodic Table 

Copyright ©:  Ulvac-PHI

Table #3

B (1s) Chemical State BEs from:  “Thermo-Scientific” Website

C (1s) BE = 284.8 eV

Chemical state Binding energy, B (1s)
B elemental 187.2 eV
ZrB2 187.8 eV
B sub-oxide 188.6 eV
Li2B4O7 192.5 eV

→  Periodic Table 

Copyright ©:  Thermo Scientific 

Table #4

B (1s) Chemical State BEs from:  “XPSfitting” Website

Chemical State BE Table derived by Averaging BEs in the NIST XPS database of BEs
C (1s) BE = 284.8 eV

→  Periodic Table 

Copyright ©:  Mark Beisinger

Table #5

B (1s) Chemical State BEs from:  “Techdb.podzone.net” Website

 

XPS Spectra – Chemical Shift | Binding Energy
C (1s) BE = 284.6 eV

XPS(X線光電子分光法)スペクトル 化学状態 化学シフト ケミカルシフト

Element Level Compound B.E.(eV) min max
B 1s NaBH4 187.2 ±0.3 186.9 ～ 187.4
B 1s B10H14 187.6 ±0.3 187.3 ～ 187.8
B 1s Boride 188.2 ±1.0 187.2 ～ 189.2
B 1s B 189.6 ±0.5 189.1 ～ 190.0
B 1s BN 190.1 ±0.3 189.8 ～ 190.4
B 1s Na2B4O7･10H2O 192.6 ±0.4 192.2 ～ 193.0
B 1s B2O3 192.8 ±0.7 192.1 ～ 193.5
B 1s H3BO3 193.2 ±0.4 192.8 ～ 193.5
B 1s NaBF4 195.1 ±0.3 194.8 ～ 195.3

→  Periodic Table 

 

Histograms of NIST BEs for B (1s) BEs

Important Note:  NIST Database defines Adventitious Hydrocarbon C (1s) BE = 284.8 eV for all insulators.

Histogram indicates:  187.3 eV for Bo based on 5 literature BEs Histogram indicates:  192.9 eV for B2O3 based on 5 literature BEs

Histogram indicates:  190.9 eV for BN based on 10 literature BEs

 


Table #6

NIST Database of B (1s) Binding Energies

NIST Standard Reference Database 20, Version 4.1

Data compiled and evaluated
by
Alexander V. Naumkin, Anna Kraut-Vass, Stephen W. Gaarenstroom, and Cedric J. Powell
©2012 copyright by the U.S. Secretary of Commerce on behalf of the United States of America. All rights reserved.

Important Note:  NIST Database defines Adventitious Hydrocarbon C (1s) BE = 284.8 eV for all insulators.

Element Spectral Line Formula Energy (eV) Reference
B 1s [(C10H24N4)Cu](BH4)2 186.30  Click
B 1s B 186.40  Click
B 1s B 186.50  Click
B 1s B4C 186.50  Click
B 1s [n-C4H9)4N]3[Cu(B11H11)2] 186.50  Click
B 1s Na[B(C6H5)4] 186.70  Click
B 1s [(C14H32N4)Cu](BH4)2 186.80  Click
B 1s B4C 186.90  Click
B 1s MnB2 187.20  Click
B 1s [N(CH3)4][B3H8] 187.20  Click
B 1s NaBH4 187.20  Click
B 1s B 187.30  Click
B 1s Rb(B(C6H5)4) 187.30  Click
B 1s K2[BH3(CO2)] 187.30  Click
B 1s B20Fe80 187.30  Click
B 1s Ni3B 187.40  Click
B 1s Cs2[B10H10] 187.40  Click
B 1s Cs[Co(B9C2H11)2] 187.40  Click
B 1s B20Fe80 187.40  Click
B 1s B6O 187.41  Click
B 1s TiB2 187.50  Click
B 1s Na[B(C6H5)4] 187.50  Click
B 1s [NH4][B(C6H5)4] 187.50  Click
B 1s B6Cr14Fe32Ni36P12Ox 187.50  Click
B 1s [N(C2H5)4]2[Pt(B10H12)2] 187.60  Click
B 1s Mo2B5 187.70  Click
B 1s KB(C6H5)4 187.70  Click
B 1s B20Fe80 187.70  Click
B 1s B20Fe80 187.70  Click
B 1s B10H14 187.80  Click
B 1s B 187.80  Click
B 1s B/Rh 187.80  Click
B 1s W2B5 187.90  Click
B 1s FeB 187.90  Click
B 1s FeB 187.90  Click
B 1s B/TaB1.94/Ta 187.90  Click
B 1s O2/B/TaB1.94/Ta 187.90  Click
B 1s O2/B/TaB1.94/Ta 187.90  Click
B 1s CrB2 188.00  Click
B 1s BxO (1<x<6) 188.00  Click
B 1s B4Cr15Ni81 188.00  Click
B 1s B4Cr15Ni81 188.00  Click
B 1s B4Cr15Ni81Ox 188.00  Click
B 1s B4Cr15Ni81 188.00  Click
B 1s CoB 188.10  Click
B 1s CsB(C6H5)4 188.10  Click
B 1s B26Ni74O13.5 188.10  Click
B 1s B12Ni88O19.5 188.10  Click
B 1s B18Ni82O15.4 188.10  Click
B 1s B19Ni81O10.6 188.10  Click
B 1s [B9C2H11].C5H5N 188.20  Click
B 1s HfB2 188.30  Click
B 1s VB2 188.30  Click
B 1s Fe2B 188.30  Click
B 1s B4Si 188.30  Click
B 1s B 188.40  Click
B 1s MoB2 188.40  Click
B 1s Fe2B 188.40  Click
B 1s [PtB10H12(P(C6H5)3)2] 188.50  Click
B 1s AlB2 188.50  Click
B 1s [Ni(B9C2H11)2] 188.50  Click
B 1s [Ni(B9C2H11)2] 188.50  Click
B 1s Cs[Ni(B9C2H11)2] 188.50  Click
B 1s NaBH4 188.50  Click
B 1s SiC/B 188.60  Click
B 1s Cs[Fe(B9C2H11)2] 188.70  Click
B 1s SiC/B 188.80  Click
B 1s SiC/B 188.80  Click
B 1s [Pt(B10H12)(P(C2H5)3)2] 188.90  Click
B 1s NiB 188.90  Click
B 1s TaB2/Ta 188.90  Click
B 1s Co2B 189.10  Click
B 1s B6O 189.19  Click
B 1s BNxO(1-x) (x=.17)/SiC 189.40  Click
B 1s BNxO(1-x) (x=.06)/SiC 189.50  Click
B 1s BN/Pt 189.70  Click
B 1s Ni2B 189.90  Click
B 1s BN 190.00  Click
B 1s BN 190.40  Click
B 1s BN 190.50  Click
B 1s BN 190.50  Click
B 1s TcCl[(C4H7N2O)2(C4H6N2O)(C4H9BO3)] 190.50  Click
B 1s BN/Pd 190.50  Click
B 1s B44.6N37.9O17.5 190.50  Click
B 1s BN 190.60  Click
B 1s BN 190.60  Click
B 1s B42.6N32.6O24.6 190.60  Click
B 1s B22.4Si16.7O24.1N36.5 190.60  Click
B 1s BN 190.70  Click
B 1s BN 190.70  Click
B 1s BN 190.70  Click
B 1s TcBr[(C4H7N2O)2(C4H6N2O)(C4H9BO3)] 190.70  Click
B 1s B22.5Si18.2O18.5N40.5 190.70  Click
B 1s B17.8Si17.0O47.5N19.1 190.70  Click
B 1s B35.0N14.8O50.0 190.80  Click
B 1s B35.7N10.1O53.9 190.80  Click
B 1s BNxO(1-x) (x=.06)/SiC 190.90  Click
B 1s BNxO(1-x) (x=.17)/SiC 190.90  Click
B 1s TcCl[(C6H9N2O)2(C6H8N2O)(CH3BO3)] 190.90  Click
B 1s B19.7Si15.2O57.2N7.8 190.90  Click
B 1s BN 191.00  Click
B 1s BN 191.20  Click
B 1s B15.2Si17.9O64.0N3.0 191.20  Click
B 1s B2S3 191.30  Click
B 1s BN/Ni 191.30  Click
B 1s (Bi2O3)0.200(LiBO2)0.800 191.30  Click
B 1s O2/B/Rh 191.50  Click
B 1s (Bi2O3)0.150(LiBO2)0.850 191.50  Click
B 1s C20H36B2FeN6O8 191.60  Click
B 1s (Bi2O3)0.050(LiBO2)0.950 191.60  Click
B 1s (Li2O)0.4(B2O3)0.54(Bi2O3)0.06 191.60  Click
B 1s FC6H4B(OH)2 191.70  Click
B 1s ClC6H4B(OH)2 191.70  Click
B 1s (Li2O)0.4(B2O3)0.40(Bi2O3)0.20 191.70  Click
B 1s (Li2O)0.5(B2O3)0.42(Bi2O3)0.08 191.70  Click
B 1s Na2B4O7 191.80  Click
B 1s B4Cr15Ni81Ox 191.80  Click
B 1s LiBO2 191.80  Click
B 1s LiBO2 191.80  Click
B 1s LiBO2 191.80  Click
B 1s LiBO2 191.80  Click
B 1s (Bi2O3)0.250(LiBO2)0.750 191.80  Click
B 1s (Bi2O3)0.100(LiBO2)0.900 191.80  Click
B 1s (Li2O)0.5(B2O3)0.5 191.80  Click
B 1s (F2)0.15((Li2O)0.50(B2O3)0.50)0.85 191.90  Click
B 1s Y0.85Ca0.15SrBaCu2.5B0.5Ox 191.90  Click
B 1s Y0.85Ca0.15Sr0.5Ba1.5Cu2.5B0.5Ox 191.90  Click
B 1s (Li2O)0.4(B2O3)0.592(Bi2O3)0.008 191.90  Click
B 1s (Li2O)0.4(B2O3)0.6 191.90  Click
B 1s (Li2O)0.40(B2O3)0.60 191.90  Click
B 1s B2O3 192.00  Click
B 1s Na3B3O6 192.00  Click
B 1s HS(CH2)11B(OH)2/Au 192.00  Click
B 1s HS(CH2)11B(OH)2/Au 192.00  Click
B 1s YSrBaCu2.5B0.5Ox 192.00  Click
B 1s YSrBaCu2.5B0.5Ox 192.00  Click
B 1s (Li2O)0.50(B2O3)0.50 192.00  Click
B 1s FeBO3 192.00  Click
B 1s Na2B4O7 192.00  Click
B 1s (Li2O)0.4(B2O3)0.50(Bi2O3)0.10 192.00  Click
B 1s (Li2O)0.4(B2O3)0.59(Bi2O3)0.01 192.00  Click
B 1s (Li2O)0.5(B2O3)0.40(Bi2O3)0.10 192.00  Click
B 1s Na[BH(CH3O)3] 192.10  Click
B 1s BN 192.10  Click
B 1s BNxO(1-x) (x=.06)/SiC 192.10  Click
B 1s (ZnO)50(B2O3)50 192.10  Click
B 1s (Li2O)0.4(B2O3)0.598(Bi2O3)0.002 192.10  Click
B 1s (Ag2O)0.30(B2O3)0.49(TeO2)0.21 192.10  Click
B 1s (PbF2)0.70(B2O3)0.30 192.10  Click
B 1s (Bi2O3)0.025(LiBO2)0.975 192.10  Click
B 1s (Bi2O3)0.020(LiBO2)0.980 192.10  Click
B 1s (Bi2O3)0.003(LiBO2)0.997 192.10  Click
B 1s (Bi2O3)0.005(LiBO2)0.995 192.10  Click
B 1s (F2)0.10((Li2O)0.50(B2O3)0.50)0.90 192.10  Click
B 1s (Li2O)0.4(B2O3)0.596(Bi2O3)0.004 192.10  Click
B 1s (Li2O)0.5(B2O3)0.498(Bi2O3)0.002 192.10  Click
B 1s (Li2O)0.5(B2O3)0.494(Bi2O3)0.006 192.10  Click
B 1s (Li2O)0.5(B2O3)0.49(Bi2O3)0.01 192.10  Click
B 1s (Li2O)0.5(B2O3)0.48(Bi2O3)0.02 192.10  Click
B 1s (F2)0.05((Li2O)0.40(B2O3)0.60)0.95 192.15  Click
B 1s BN 192.20  Click
B 1s BNxO(1-x) (x=.17)/SiC 192.20  Click
B 1s LiB3O5 192.20  Click
B 1s (Ag2O)0.30(B2O3)0.56(TeO2)0.14 192.20  Click
B 1s (Ag2O)0.30(B2O3)0.42(TeO2)0.28 192.20  Click
B 1s (Ag2O)0.30(B2O3)0.28(TeO2)0.42 192.20  Click
B 1s (PbF2)0.60(B2O3)0.40 192.20  Click
B 1s (Bi2O3)0.015(LiBO2)0.985 192.20  Click
B 1s (Bi2O3)0.004(LiBO2)0.996 192.20  Click
B 1s (F2)0.20((Li2O)0.30(B2O3)0.70)0.80 192.20  Click
B 1s (F2)0.20((Li2O)0.50(B2O3)0.50)0.80 192.20  Click
B 1s (Li2O)0.5(B2O3)0.497(Bi2O3)0.003 192.20  Click
B 1s (Li2O)0.5(B2O3)0.47(Bi2O3)0.03 192.20  Click
B 1s (Li2O)0.5(B2O3)0.30(Bi2O3)0.20 192.20  Click
B 1s (F2)0.05((Li2O)0.50(B2O3)0.50)0.95 192.20  Click
B 1s (F2)0.30((Li2O)0.30(B2O3)0.70)0.70 192.25  Click
B 1s (Li2O)0.30(B2O3)0.70 192.25  Click
B 1s (Ag2O)0.30(B2O3)0.14(TeO2)0.56 192.30  Click
B 1s (Bi2O3)0.001(LiBO2)0.999 192.30  Click
B 1s (Bi2O3)0.002(LiBO2)0.998 192.30  Click
B 1s (F2)0.10((Li2O)0.30(B2O3)0.70)0.90 192.30  Click
B 1s (Li2O)0.4(B2O3)0.594(Bi2O3)0.006 192.30  Click
B 1s (Li2O)0.5(B2O3)0.499(Bi2O3)0.001 192.30  Click
B 1s (Li2O)0.5(B2O3)0.496(Bi2O3)0.004 192.30  Click
B 1s (F2)0.25((Li2O)0.30(B2O3)0.70)0.75 192.35  Click
B 1s (F2)0.15((Li2O)0.40(B2O3)0.60)0.85 192.35  Click
B 1s B2O3 192.40  Click
B 1s B26Ni74O13.5 192.40  Click
B 1s B12Ni88O19.5 192.40  Click
B 1s B18Ni82O15.4 192.40  Click
B 1s B19Ni81O10.6 192.40  Click
B 1s (Bi2O3)0.010(LiBO2)0.990 192.40  Click
B 1s (Ag2O)0.30(B2O3)0.70 192.40  Click
B 1s (PbF2)0.50(B2O3)0.50 192.40  Click
B 1s (NaPO3)0.33(Na2B4O7)0.67 192.40  Click
B 1s (F2)0.05((Li2O)0.30(B2O3)0.70)0.95 192.40  Click
B 1s (Li2O)0.5(B2O3)0.492(Bi2O3)0.008 192.40  Click
B 1s (F2)0.10((Li2O)0.40(B2O3)0.60)0.90 192.41  Click
B 1s (PbF2)0.40(B2O3)0.60 192.50  Click
B 1s (NaPO3)0.50(Na2B4O7)0.50 192.50  Click
B 1s (NaPO3)0.67(Na2B4O7)0.33 192.50  Click
B 1s (NaPO3)0.95(Na2B4O7)0.05 192.50  Click
B 1s (F2)0.20((Li2O)0.40(B2O3)0.60)0.80 192.50  Click
B 1s (Na2O)0.25(B2O3)0.75 192.50  Click
B 1s [BCl3(PO(C6H5)3)] 192.60  Click
B 1s Na2B4O7.10H2O 192.60  Click
B 1s (PbF2)0.25(B2O3)0.75 192.60  Click
B 1s (NaPO3)0.75(Na2B4O7)0.25 192.60  Click
B 1s (F2)0.15((Li2O)0.30(B2O3)0.70)0.85 192.60  Click
B 1s B35.0N14.8O50.0 192.60  Click
B 1s B35.7N10.1O53.9 192.60  Click
B 1s (F2)0.25((Li2O)0.40(B2O3)0.60)0.75 192.65  Click
B 1s [BCl3(P(C6H5)3)] 192.70  Click
B 1s (Al2O3)9(B2O3)2 192.70  Click
B 1s B/Al2O3 192.70  Click
B 1s (Na2O)0.15(B2O3)0.85 192.70  Click
B 1s B44.6N37.9O17.5 192.70  Click
B 1s B22.5Si18.2O18.5N40.5 192.70  Click
B 1s (NaPO3)0.83(Na2B4O7)0.17 192.70  Click
B 1s (NaPO3)0.90(Na2B4O7)0.10 192.70  Click
B 1s B42.6N32.6O24.6 192.70  Click
B 1s CrBO3 192.72  Click
B 1s CrBO3 192.72  Click
B 1s H3BO3 192.80  Click
B 1s (NH4)2B4O7.4H2O 192.80  Click
B 1s B33.8N6.6O59.5 192.80  Click
B 1s B17.8Si17.0O47.5N19.1 192.80  Click
B 1s B22.4Si16.7O24.1N36.5 192.90  Click
B 1s H3BO3 193.00  Click
B 1s H3BO3 193.00  Click
B 1s B2O3 193.10  Click
B 1s B15.2Si17.9O64.0N3.0 193.10  Click
B 1s B19.7Si15.2O57.2N7.8 193.20  Click
B 1s B2O3 193.30  Click
B 1s [(P(C6H5)3)].BF3 193.30  Click
B 1s O2/B/TaB1.94/Ta 193.30  Click
B 1s ThPdAl 193.40  Click
B 1s H3BO3 193.40  Click
B 1s O2/B/TaB1.94/Ta 193.40  Click
B 1s (B2O3)25(Zn(PO3)2)75 193.40  Click
B 1s [BBr3(As(C6H5)3)] 193.46  Click
B 1s (B2O3)30(Zn(PO3)2)70 193.50  Click
B 1s (B2O3)15(Zn(PO3)2)85 193.50  Click
B 1s BPO4 193.50  Click
B 1s B15.9Si19.0O65.1 193.50  Click
B 1s B2O3 193.60  Click
B 1s [N(CH3)3].BF3 193.60  Click
B 1s H3BO3 193.60  Click
B 1s B19.2Si15.3O65.4 193.60  Click
B 1s ThPdAl 193.70  Click
B 1s B2O3 193.70  Click
B 1s B2O3 193.70  Click
B 1s B2O3 193.70  Click
B 1s [BF3(PO(C6H5)3)] 193.80  Click
B 1s (-(C34H20N4O)(BF4).mH2O)-)n 193.80  Click
B 1s ThPdAl 193.90  Click
B 1s Na2B4O7 194.00  Click
B 1s (CH3C5H3NCH3).BF3 194.10  Click
B 1s C5H5N.BF3 194.30  Click
B 1s (C2H5NH2).BF3 194.60  Click
B 1s NaBF4 194.90  Click
B 1s NaBF4 194.90  Click
B 1s (NH3).BF3 194.90  Click
B 1s NH4BF4 194.90  Click
B 1s [NF4][BF4] 195.20  Click
B 1s CH3CN.BF3 195.50  Click
B 1s KBF4 195.60  Click
B 1s NaBF4 195.80  Click

 

Statistical Analysis of Binding Energies in NIST XPS Database of BEs