Reo Native ReOx Re2O7 KReO4 ReO3 ReCl3 Basic 

XPS Spectra
Rhenium (Re) Compounds
The XPS Spectra section provides raw and processed survey spectra, chemical state spectra, BE values, FWHM values, and overlays of key spectra.
Atom% values from surveys are based on sample, as received, and Scofield cross-sections. Atom% values are corrected for IMFP and PE.
Peak-fits are guides for practical, real-world applications. Peak-fits are not fully optimized or designed to test any theory.

Rhenium Native Oxide  (ReOx)
Survey, Peak-fits, BEs, FWHMs, and Peak Labels

→  Periodic Table   → Six (6) BE Tables
Survey Spectrum from ReOx
Freshly exposed bulk, Flood gun is ON, C (1s) BE = 285.16 eV, Ag (3d5/2) FWHM = 1.3 eV
→  Periodic Table  → Six (6) BE Tables
Re (4f) Spectrum from ReOx – Raw
Fresh exposed bulk, Flood gun is ON, C (1s) BE = 285.16 eV, Ag FWHM = 0.75 eV		 Re (4f) Spectrum from ReOx – Peak-Fit
Freshly exposed bulk, Flood gun is ON, C (1s) BE = 285.16 eV, Ag FWHM = 0.75 eV
 
Re (4f) Spectrum from ReOx – Extended Range
Fresh exposed bulk, Flood gun is ON, C (1s) BE = 285.16 eV, Ag FWHM = 0.75 eV		 Re (4f) Spectrum from ReOx – Raw – Vertically Expanded
Freshly exposed bulk, Flood gun is ON, C (1s) BE = 285.16 eV, Ag FWHM = 0.75 eV

→  Periodic Table  → Six (6) BE Tables
O (1s) Spectrum from ReOx – Raw
Freshly exposed bulk, Flood gun is ON, C (1s) BE = 285.16 eV, Ag FWHM = 0.75 eV		 O (1s) Spectrum from ReOx – Peak-Fit
Freshly exposed bulk, Flood gun is ON, C (1s) BE = 285.16 eV, Ag FWHM = 0.75 eV
→  Periodic Table  → Six (6) BE Tables
C (1s) Spectrum from ReOx – Raw
Freshly exposed bulk, Flood gun is ON, C (1s) BE = 285.16 eV, Ag FWHM = 0.75 eV		 C (1s) Spectrum from ReOx – Peak-Fit
Freshly exposed bulk, Flood gun is ON, C (1s) BE = 285.16 eV, Ag FWHM = 0.75 eV
→  Periodic Table  → Six (6) BE Tables
O (KLL) Auger Signals from ReOx – Raw
Freshly exposed bulk, Flood gun is ON, C (1s) BE = 285.16 eV, Ag FWHM = 0.75 eV		 Valence Band Signals from ReOx
Freshly exposed bulk, Flood gun is ON, C (1s) BE = 285.16 eV, Ag FWHM = 0.75 eV
na
 
Overlays
→  Periodic Table  → Six (6) BE Tables
Valence Band Spectra – Overlay of Reo and ReOx
Freshly exposed bulk, Flood gun is ON, C (1s) BE = 285.16 eV, Ag FWHM = 0.75 eV		 Re (4f) Spectra – Overlay of Reo and ReOx
Freshly exposed bulk, Flood gun is ON, C (1s) BE = 285.16 eV, Ag FWHM = 0.75 eV

End-of-spectra

Price to purchase raw data sets:
Raw spectra – VAMAS ASCII format ($6)
Raw spectra – SDP binary format ($5)
SDP v9 – $145 (3 yr license)

 

 

Transmission Function Tests
 

December 2015 – Transmission Function of Thermo K-Alpha Plus
→  Periodic Table 
Survey Spectra of Ion Etched Copper (Sc), PEs = 50, 100, 150 and 200 eV
→  Periodic Table 
March 2016 – Transmission Function of Thermo K-Alpha Plus 
 
Survey Spectra of Ion Etched Copper (Sc), PEs = 100, 150 and 200 eV
→  Periodic Table  
August 2019 – Transmission Function of Thermo K-Alpha Plus
 
Survey Spectra of HOPG (C), PEs = 20, 50, 100 and 200 eV
→  Periodic Table  
January 2022 – Transmission Function of Thermo K-Alpha Plus
Survey Spectra of Ion Etched Copper (Sc), PEs = 100, 120, 140, 160, 180 and 200 eV

End-of-Transmission-Function-Tests

 

Six (6) Chemical State Tables of Re (4f7/2) BEs

 

  • The XPS Library Spectra-Base
  • PHI Handbook
  • Thermo-Scientific Website
  • XPSfitting Website
  • Techdb Website
  • NIST Website

→  Periodic Table 

 

Notes of Caution when using Published BEs and BE Tables from Insulators and Conductors:

  • Accuracy of Published BEs
    • The accuracy depends on the calibration BEs used to calibrate the energy scale of the instrument.  Cu (2p3/2) BE can vary from 932.2 to 932.8 eV for old publications 
    • Different authors use different BEs for the C (1s) BE of the hydrocarbons found in adventitious carbon that appears on all materials and samples.  From 284.2 to 285.3 eV
    • The accuracy depends on when the authors last checked or adjusted their energy scale to produce the expected calibration BEs
  • Worldwide Differences in Energy Scale Calibrations
    • For various reasons authors still use older energy scale calibrations 
    • Some authors still adjust their energy scale so Cu (2p3/2) appears between 932.2 eV or 932.8 eV because this is what the maker taught them
    • This range causes BEs in the higher BE end to be larger than expected 
    • This variation increases significantly above 600 eV BE
  • Charge Compensation
    • Samples that behave as true insulators normally require the use of a charge neutralizer (electron flood gun with or without Ar+ ions) so that the measured chemical state spectra can be produced without peak-shape distortions or sloping tails on the low BE side of the peak envelop. 
    • Floating all samples (conductive, semi-conductive, and non-conductive) and always using the electron flood gun is considered to produce more reliable BEs and is recommended.
  • Charge Referencing Methods for Insulators
    • Charge referencing is a common method, but it can produce results that are less reliable.
    • When an electron flood gun is used, the BE scale will usually shift to lower BE values by 0.01 to 5.0 eV depending on your voltage setting. Normally, to correct for this flood gun induced shift, the BE of the hydrocarbon C (1s) peak maximum from adventitious carbon is used to correct for the charge induced shift.
    • The hydrocarbon peak is normally the largest peak at the lowest BE. 
    • Depending on your preference or training, the C (1s) BE assigned to this hydrocarbon peak varies from 284.8 to 285.0 eV.  Other BEs can be as low as 284.2 eV or as high as 285.3 eV
    • Native oxides that still show the pure metal can suffer differential charging that causes the C (1s) and the O (1s) and the Metal Oxide BE to be larger
    • When using the electron flood gun, the instrument operator should adjust the voltage and the XY position of the electron flood gun to produce peaks from a strong XPS signal (eg O (1s) or C (1s) having the most narrow FWHM and the lowest experimentally measured BE. 

→  Periodic Table 

Table #1

Re (4f7/2) Chemical State BEs from:  “The XPS Library Spectra-Base”

C (1s) BE = 285.0 eV for TXL BEs
and C (1s) BE = 284.8 eV for NIST BEs

Element Atomic # Compound As-Measured by TXL or NIST Average BE Largest BE Hydrocarbon C (1s) BE  Source
Re 75 Re (N*7) 40.1 eV 40.9 eV 284.8 eV Avg BE – NIST
Re 75 Re – element 40.3 eV 285.0 eV The XPS Library
Re 75 Re-S2 (N*1) 41.7 eV 284.8 eV Avg BE – NIST
Re 75 Re-O2 (N*3) 42.3 eV 43.6 eV 284.8 eV Avg BE – NIST
Re 75 ReO3 (N*2) 44.3 eV 45.0 eV 284.8 eV Avg BE – NIST
Re 75 KReO4 (N*1) 46.1 eV 284.8 eV Avg BE – NIST
Re 75 NH4ReO4 (N*3) 46.1 eV 46.2 eV 284.8 eV Avg BE – NIST
Re 75 Re-2O7 46.8 eV 285.0 eV The XPS Library
Re 75 Re-(OH)3 285.0 eV The XPS Library
Re 75 Re-Cl3 285.0 eV The XPS Library

Charge Referencing Notes

  • (N*number) identifies the number of NIST BEs that were averaged to produce the BE in the middle column.
  • The XPS Library uses Binding Energy Scale Calibration with Cu (2p3/2) BE = 932.62 eV and Au (4f7/2) BE = 83.98 eV.  BE (eV) Uncertainty Range:  +/- 0.2 eV
  • Charge Referencing of insulators is defined such that the Adventitious Hydrocarbon C (1s) BE (eV) = 285.0 eV.  NIST uses C (1s) BE = 284.8 eV 
  • Note:   Ion etching removes adventitious carbon, implants Ar (+), changes conductivity of surface, and degrades chemistry of various chemical states.
  • Note:  Ion Etching changes BE of C (1s) hydrocarbon peak.
  • TXL – abbreviation for: “The XPS Library” (https://xpslibrary.com).  NIST:  National Institute for Science and Technology (in USA)

→  Periodic Table 

Table #2

Re (4f7/2) Chemical State BEs from:  “PHI Handbook”

C (1s) BE = 284.8 eV

→  Periodic Table 

Copyright ©:  Ulvac-PHI

Table #3

Re (4f7/2) Chemical State BEs from:  “Thermo-Scientific” Website

C (1s) BE = 284.8 eV

Chemical state Binding energy (eV), Re (4f7/2)
Re metal 40.6
Native oxide 41.7

→  Periodic Table 

Copyright ©:  Thermo Scientific 

Table #4

Re (4f7/2) Chemical State BEs from:  “XPSfitting” Website

Chemical State BE Table derived by Averaging BEs in the NIST XPS database of BEs
C (1s) BE = 284.8 eV

→  Periodic Table 

Copyright ©:  Mark Beisinger

Table #5

Re (4f7/2) Chemical State BEs from:  “Techdb.podzone.net” Website

 

XPS Spectra – Chemical Shift / Binding Energy
C (1s) BE = 284.6 eV

XPS(X線光電子分光法)スペクトル 化学状態 化学シフト ケミカルシフト

Element Level Compound B.E.(eV) min max
Re ClReN2(PMe2Ph)4trans 40.3 ±0.3 40.0 ～ 40.5
Re Cl2Re(PMe2Ph)4trans 40.5 ±0.3 40.2 ～ 40.7
Re Re 40.6 ±0.4 40.2 ～ 40.9
Re Cl3Re(PMe2Ph)3mer 41.8 ±0.3 41.5 ～ 42.0
Re Cl2ReN(Ph3P)2 42.8 ±0.3 42.5 ～ 43.0
Re Cl4Re(Et3P)2 43.3 ±0.3 43.0 ～ 43.5
Re ReO2 43.6 ±0.3 43.3 ～ 43.9
Re Cl4Re(PMe2Ph)2 43.7 ±0.3 43.4 ～ 43.9
Re Cl3ReO(Ph3P)2 44.0 ±0.3 43.7 ～ 44.2
Re K2ReCl6 44.3 ±0.3 44.0 ～ 44.5
Re ReO3 46.8 ±0.3 46.5 ～ 47.0

 

→  Periodic Table 

 

Histograms of NIST BEs for Re (4f7/2) BEs

Important Note:  NIST Database defines Adventitious Hydrocarbon C (1s) BE = 284.8 eV for all insulators.

Histogram indicates:  40.6 eV for Reo based on 8 literature BEs Histogram indicates:  43.0 eV for ReO2 based on 3 literature BEs

Table #6


NIST Database of Re (4f7/2) Binding Energies

NIST Standard Reference Database 20, Version 4.1

Data compiled and evaluated
by
Alexander V. Naumkin, Anna Kraut-Vass, Stephen W. Gaarenstroom, and Cedric J. Powell
©2012 copyright by the U.S. Secretary of Commerce on behalf of the United States of America. All rights reserved.

Important Note:  NIST Database defines Adventitious Hydrocarbon C (1s) BE = 284.8 eV for all insulators.

 

Element Spectral Line Formula Energy (eV) Reference
Re 4f7/2 [Re(N2)((CH3)2P(C6H5))3(S2CN(C2H5)2)] 39.60  Click
Re 4f7/2 [ReCl(N2)((C6H5)2PCH2CH2P(C6H5)2)2] 39.80  Click
Re 4f7/2 [ReCl(N2)((C6H5)2PCH2P(C6H5)2)2] 40.10  Click
Re 4f7/2 Re 40.10  Click
Re 4f7/2 [ReCl(N2)((C6H5)2PCH3)4] 40.20  Click
Re 4f7/2 [ReCl(CO)((C6H5)2PCH2CH2P(C6H5)2)2] 40.20  Click
Re 4f7/2 [ReCl(N2)((CH3)2P(C6H5))4] 40.20  Click
Re 4f7/2 [ReH5((CH3)2P(C6H5))3] 40.30  Click
Re 4f7/2 [ReCl(N2)((CH3)2P(C6H5))4] 40.30  Click
Re 4f7/2 [ReCl(CO)((CH3)2P(C6H5))4] 40.30  Click
Re 4f7/2 Re 40.30  Click
Re 4f7/2 [ReCl(N2)((CH3)2P(C6H5))4] 40.30  Click
Re 4f7/2 O2/Al/Re 40.30  Click
Re 4f7/2 O2/Al/Re 40.30  Click
Re 4f7/2 O2/Al/Re 40.30  Click
Re 4f7/2 O2/Al/Re 40.30  Click
Re 4f7/2 O2/Al/Re 40.30  Click
Re 4f7/2 Re 40.31  Click
Re 4f7/2 Re 40.40  Click
Re 4f7/2 [Re(CO)3OH]4 40.40  Click
Re 4f7/2 Re 40.46  Click
Re 4f7/2 [ReCl2(P(CH3)2(C6H5))4] 40.50  Click
Re 4f7/2 [ReCl2(P(CH3)2(C6H5))4] 40.50  Click
Re 4f7/2 Re 40.50  Click
Re 4f7/2 Re 40.50  Click
Re 4f7/2 Re 40.60  Click
Re 4f7/2 Re/Pt 40.60  Click
Re 4f7/2 [ReCl2(N)((CH3)2P(C6H5))3] 40.70  Click
Re 4f7/2 [ReBr(N2)((CH3)2P(C6H5))4] 40.70  Click
Re 4f7/2 [Re2Cl4(P(C2H5)3)4] 40.80  Click
Re 4f7/2 Re 40.90  Click
Re 4f7/2 Re 41.00  Click
Re 4f7/2 [Re2Br4(P(C2H5)3)4] 41.10  Click
Re 4f7/2 [Re2Cl4(P(C2H5)2(C6H5))4] 41.20  Click
Re 4f7/2 Re2(CO)9(mu-(C6H5)2PC5H4FeC5H4P(C6H5)2)Re2(CO)9.(CH2Cl2)0.5(C6H14)0.5 41.30  Click
Re 4f7/2 Re2(CO)9((C6H5)2P(C5H4)Fe(C5H4)P(O)(C6H5)2).H2O 41.30  Click
Re 4f7/2 (Re2(CO)9)(C6H5)2PC5H4FeC5H4P(C6H5)2) 41.35  Click
Re 4f7/2 [ReCl(CO3)(P(C6H5)3)2] 41.40  Click
Re 4f7/2 Re2(CO)9(CH3CN) 41.50  Click
Re 4f7/2 Re/O2 41.50  Click
Re 4f7/2 O2/Al/Re 41.50  Click
Re 4f7/2 O2/Al/Re 41.50  Click
Re 4f7/2 [Pt3(Re(CO)3))((C6H5)2PCH2P(C6H5)2)3][PF6] 41.50  Click
Re 4f7/2 [Pt3(Re(CO)3))O((C6H5)2PCH2P(C6H5)2)3][PF6] 41.50  Click
Re 4f7/2 [Pt3(Re(CO)3))O2((C6H5)2PCH2P(C6H5)2)3][PF6]OC2H5 41.50  Click
Re 4f7/2 [Pt3(Re(CO)3))O3((C6H5)2PCH2P(C6H5)2)3][PF6] 41.60  Click
Re 4f7/2 ReS2 41.70  Click
Re 4f7/2 [Re(CO)3(C6H5)2P(C5H4)Fe(C5H4)P(C6H5)2]Br 41.70  Click
Re 4f7/2 [ReCl3(P(CH3)2C6H5)3] 41.80  Click
Re 4f7/2 [ReCl3(P(CH3)2C6H5)3] 41.80  Click
Re 4f7/2 [ReCl(CO)((CH3)2P(C6H5))4][FeCl4] 41.90  Click
Re 4f7/2 [Re2Cl5((C2H5)P(C6H5)2)3] 41.90  Click
Re 4f7/2 (Re2(CO)9)(C6H5)2PC5H4FeC5H4P(C6H5)2) 41.95  Click
Re 4f7/2 Re2(CO)9((C6H5)2P(C5H4)Fe(C5H4)P(O)(C6H5)2).H2O 41.95  Click
Re 4f7/2 [Re(CO)5]Cl 42.00  Click
Re 4f7/2 [ReCl(N2)((CH3)2P(C6H5))4]FeCl4 42.00  Click
Re 4f7/2 Re2(CO)9(mu-(C6H5)2PC5H4FeC5H4P(C6H5)2)Re2(CO)9.(CH2Cl2)0.5(C6H14)0.5 42.00  Click
Re 4f7/2 [Re2Br5((C2H5)P(C6H5)2)3] 42.10  Click
Re 4f7/2 Re2(CO)9(CH3CN) 42.10  Click
Re 4f7/2 ReO2 42.30  Click
Re 4f7/2 [Re2Br4Cl4(ClP(C2H5)3)2] 42.50  Click
Re 4f7/2 [Re2Cl6(P(C2H5)3)2] 42.60  Click
Re 4f7/2 [ReCl2(N)(P(C6H5)3)2] 42.70  Click
Re 4f7/2 [ReCl2(N)((C2H5)P(C6H5)2)2] 42.70  Click
Re 4f7/2 ReO2 42.70  Click
Re 4f7/2 [Re2Br2Cl4(P(C2H5)3)2] 42.80  Click
Re 4f7/2 [Re2Br6(P(C2H5)3)2] 42.90  Click
Re 4f7/2 [Re2Cl8(ClP(C2H5)3)2] 42.90  Click
Re 4f7/2 [Re2Br6(P(C6H5)3)2] 42.90  Click
Re 4f7/2 [ReCl3(CH3)(N)((CH3)2PC6H5)2] 43.20  Click
Re 4f7/2 ReO2 43.20  Click
Re 4f7/2 [ReCl4(P(C2H5)3)2] 43.30  Click
Re 4f7/2 (NH4)2[Re2Cl8].2H2O 43.30  Click
Re 4f7/2 [Re2Br4(CH3COO)2](SO(CH3)2)2 43.30  Click
Re 4f7/2 [ReCl2(NO)((CH3)2P(C6H5))2] 43.40  Click
Re 4f7/2 [Re2Br4(C2H3O2)2] 43.50  Click
Re 4f7/2 K2ReBr6 43.50  Click
Re 4f7/2 [ReCl4(P(CH3)2(C6H5))2] 43.60  Click
Re 4f7/2 [Re2Cl4(CH3COO)2(HCON(CH3)2)2] 43.60  Click
Re 4f7/2 [ReCl2(NO)((CH3)2P(C6H5))2]Cl2 43.60  Click
Re 4f7/2 [ReCl2((CH3)2P(C6H5))2]Cl2 43.60  Click
Re 4f7/2 ReO2 43.60  Click
Re 4f7/2 [ReCl3(O)(P(C6H5)3)2] 43.70  Click
Re 4f7/2 [Re2Br2(CH3COO)4] 43.80  Click
Re 4f7/2 Cs2[Re2Cl2(CH3COO)4] 43.80  Click
Re 4f7/2 [ReCl4(CH3COO)2] 43.90  Click
Re 4f7/2 K2[ReCl6] 44.00  Click
Re 4f7/2 [ReCl3(O)(P(C6H5)3)2] 44.10  Click
Re 4f7/2 K2[ReCl6] 44.10  Click
Re 4f7/2 [Re2Cl2(HCOO)4] 44.20  Click
Re 4f7/2 K2[ReCl6] 44.30  Click
Re 4f7/2 ReO3 44.30  Click
Re 4f7/2 [Pt3(ReO3)((C6H5)2PCH2P(C6H5)2)3][PF6]CH2Cl2 44.50  Click
Re 4f7/2 [N(C4H9)4]ReO4 44.67  Click
Re 4f7/2 ReO3 45.00  Click
Re 4f7/2 ((-CSeC(CH3)C(CH3)Se-)2)2ReO4 45.50  Click
Re 4f7/2 [Pt3(ReO3)O3((C6H5)2PCH2P(C6H5)2)3][PF6] 45.50  Click
Re 4f7/2 KReO4 46.07  Click
Re 4f7/2 NH4ReO4 46.10  Click
Re 4f7/2 NH4ReO4 46.20  Click
Re 4f7/2 NH4ReO4 46.20  Click
Re 4f7/2 (Re2O7)0.068(Al2O3)0.932 46.40  Click
Re 4f7/2 (Re2O7)0.092(Al2O3)0.908 46.40  Click
Re 4f7/2 (Re2O7)0.092(Al2O3)0.908 46.40  Click
Re 4f7/2 (Re2O7)0.092(Al2O3)0.908 46.40  Click
Re 4f7/2 (Re2O7)0.153(Al2O3)0.847 46.40  Click
Re 4f7/2 Re2O7 46.60  Click
Re 4f7/2 Re2O7 46.70  Click
Re 4f7/2 ReO3 46.80  Click

 

 

Statistical Analysis of Binding Energies in NIST XPS Database of BEs

 

 

 

→  Periodic Table