Basic XPS Information Section
The Basic XPS Information Section provides fundamental XPS spectra, BE values, FWHM values, BE tables, overlays of key spectra, histograms and a table of XPS parameters.
The Advanced XPS Information Section is a collection of additional spectra, overlays of spectra, peak-fit advice, data collection guidance, material info,
common contaminants, degradation during analysis, auto-oxidation, gas capture study, valence band spectra, Auger spectra, and more.
Published literature references, and website links are summarized at the end of the advanced section.
→ Periodic Table – HomePage XPS Database of Polymers → Six (6) BE Tables
Silicon (Si)
Man-made Silicon Carbide – SiC | Man-made Boule of Silicon – Sio | Quartz – SiO2 |
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- Expert Knowledge Explanations
- PDMS, siloxane
- n-Si, p-Si, and un-doped
- SiOx, Silicate, SiO2
- Ion etching effects
Silicon (Sio) Metalloid
Peak-fits, BEs, FWHMs, and Peak Labels
Silicon (Sio) Metalloid (single crystal) Si (2p) Spectrum using PE = 10 eV – raw spectrum Ultra-high energy resolution, freshly cleaved in lab air |
Silicon (Sio) Metalloid (single crystal) Peak-fit of Si (2p) Spectrum using PE = 10 eV (w/o asymm) using 2p3/2 to 2p1/2 spin-orbit splitting for peak-fit, ΔBE=0.602, peak area ratio = 2.0 |
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Silicon (Sio) Metalloid (single crystal) Si (2p) Spectrum using PE=50 eV – raw spectrum Normal high energy resolution setting, wafer freshly cleaved in lab air |
Silicon (Sio) Metalloid (single crystal) Peak-fit of Si (2p) Spectrum (w/o asymm) using 2p3/2 to 2p1/2 spin-orbit splitting for peak-fit, ΔBE=0.602, peak area ratio = 2.0 |
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Silicon (Sio) Metalloid (single crystal) Si (2p) and Si (2s) Spectrum with Plasmons raw |
Silicon (Sio) Metalloid (single crystal) Si (2p) and Si (2s) Spectrum with Plasmons labelled |
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Silicon (Sio) Metalloid (single crystal) Si (2s) Spectrum – raw |
Silicon (Sio) Metalloid (single crystal) Si (2s) Spectrum – peak-fit |
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Silicon (Sio) Metalloid (single crystal) Valence Band Spectrum – not ion etched |
SiO2 (amorphous silica) Valence Band Spectrum – not ion etched |
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Silicon (Sio) Metalloid (single crystal) Adventitious C (1s) Spectrum – not ion etched |
Silicon (Sio) Metalloid (single crystal) Freshly-Formed UHV Carbon after Ion Etching (inside cryopump system) |
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Survey Spectrum of Silicon (Sio) Metalloid |
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Survey Spectrum of Silicon Dioxide (SiO2) |
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→ Periodic Table
XPS Signals for Pure Silicon, (Sio) metalloid Spin-Orbit Term, BE (eV) Value, and Scofield σ for Aluminum Kα X-rays (1486 eV, 8.33 Ang)
σ: abbreviation for the term Scofield Photoionization Cross-Section which are used with IMFP and TF to generate atom% and quantitation Plasmon Peaks SiO2 Energy Loss Peaks Intrinsic Plasmon Peak: ~17 eV above peak max *Scofield Cross-Section (σ) for C (1s) = 1.0
Comparison of Features Observed
Artefacts Caused by Argon Ion Etching
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Side-by-Side Comparison of |
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Si Native Oxide | Pure SiO2 (amorphous, Silica) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Si (2p) from FRESH Si Native Oxide Flood Gun OFF As-Measured, C (1s) at 285.4 eV |
Si (2p) from SiO2 (Silica)- fresh exposed bulk Flood Gun ON Charge Referenced to C (1s) at 285.0 eV |
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C (1s) from FRESH Native Si Oxide on Silicon As-Measured, C (1s) at 285.4 eV (Flood Gun OFF) |
C (1s) from SiO2 (silica)- fresh exposed bulk |
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O (1s) from FRESH Native Si Oxide on Silicon As-Measured, C (1s) at 285.4 eV (Flood Gun OFF) |
O (1s) from SiO2 (silica) – fresh exposed bulk |
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Valence Band Spectrum of Native Si Oxide – fresh bulk exposed on Silicon As-Measured, C (1s) at 285.4 eV (Flood Gun OFF) |
Valence Band Spectrum of SiO2 (amorphous silica) – fresh fracture |
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Survey Spectrum of Silicon (Si) Native Oxide
with Peaks Integrated, Assigned and Labelled
Survey Spectrum of Pure Silicon Dioxide, SiO2
(amorphous silica)
with Peaks Integrated, Assigned and Labelled
Copyright ©: The XPS Library
Overlays of Si (2p) Spectra for
Sio metalloid, Native Si Oxide and Pure SiO2 Optical Lens
Caution: BEs from Grounded Native Oxides can be Misleading if Flood Gun is ON
Overlay of Sio metalloid and Native Si Oxide – Si (2p) Study of Ion Etch Effect Native Oxide C (1s) = 285.4 eV (Flood gun OFF) Chemical Shift: 1.5 |
Overlay of Sio metalloid and Pure SiO2 (silica) – Si (2p) Pure Oxide C (1s) = 285.0 eV, not ion etched Chemical Shift: 4.4 |
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Copyright ©: The XPS Library |
Overlay of Si (2p)
Sio metalloid, Native Si Oxide, & Pure SiO2 (silica)
Features Observed
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- xx
- xx
Silicon Minerals, Gemstones, and Chemical Compounds
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Natural Silicon – Sio | Sodium Silicate – Na2SiO3 – Waterglass | Potassium Silicate – K2SiO4 | Magnesium Silicate – Mg2SiO4 – Talc |
Six (6) Chemical State Tables of Si (2p) BEs
- The XPS Library Spectra-Base
- PHI Handbook
- Thermo-Scientific Website
- XPSfitting Website
- Techdb Website
- NIST Website
Notes of Caution when using Published BEs and BE Tables from Insulators and Conductors:
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- Accuracy of Published BEs
- The accuracy depends on the calibration BEs used to calibrate the energy scale of the instrument. Cu (2p3/2) BE can vary from 932.2 to 932.8 eV for old publications
- Different authors use different BEs for the C (1s) BE of the hydrocarbons found in adventitious carbon that appears on all materials and samples. From 284.2 to 285.3 eV
- The accuracy depends on when the authors last checked or adjusted their energy scale to produce the expected calibration BEs
- There are uncertainties and error ranges in nearly all BEs
- Flood guns
- Worldwide Differences in Energy Scale Calibrations
- For various reasons authors still use older energy scale calibrations
- Some authors still adjust their energy scale so Cu (2p3/2) appears at 932.2 eV or 932.8 eV because this is what the maker taught them
- This range causes BEs in the higher BE end to be larger than expected
- This variation increases significantly above 600 eV BE
- Charge Compensation
- Samples that behave as true insulators normally require the use of a charge neutralizer (electron flood gun with or without Ar+ ions) so that the measured chemical state spectra can be produced without peak-shape distortions or sloping tails on the low BE side of the peak envelop.
- Floating all samples (conductive, semi-conductive, and non-conductive) and always using the electron flood gun is considered to produce more reliable BEs and is recommended.
- Charge Referencing Methods for Insulators
- Charge referencing is a common method, but it can produce results that are less reliable.
- When an electron flood gun is used, the BE scale will usually shift to lower BE values by 0.01 to 5.0 eV depending on your voltage setting. Normally, to correct for this flood gun induced shift, the BE of the hydrocarbon C (1s) peak maximum from adventitious carbon is used to correct for the charge induced shift.
- The hydrocarbon peak is normally the largest peak at the lowest BE.
- Depending on your preference or training, the C (1s) BE assigned to this hydrocarbon peak varies from 284.8 to 285.0 eV. Other BEs can be as low as 284.2 eV or as high as 285.3 eV
- Native oxides that still show the pure metal can suffer differential charging that causes the C (1s) and the O (1s) and the Metal Oxide BE to be larger
- When using the electron flood gun, the instrument operator should adjust the voltage and the XY position of the electron flood gun to produce peaks from a strong XPS signal (eg O (1s) or C (1s) having the most narrow FWHM and the lowest experimentally measured BE.
- Accuracy of Published BEs
Table #1
Si (2p) Chemical State BEs from: “The XPS Library Spectra-Base”
C (1s) BE = 285.0 eV for TXL BEs
and C (1s) BE = 284.8 eV for NIST BEs
Element | Atomic # | Compound | As-Measured by TXL or NIST Average BE | Largest BE | Hydrocarbon C (1s) BE | Source |
Si | 14 | Mg2Si | 98.5 eV | 285.0 eV | The XPS Library | |
Si | 14 | NiSi (N*6) | 98.8 eV | 99.7 eV | 284.8 eV | Avg BE – NIST |
Si | 14 | MoSi2 | 99.0 eV | 285.0 eV | The XPS Library | |
Si | 14 | Si3H2 (N*4) | 99.0 eV | 284.8 eV | Avg BE – NIST | |
Si | 14 | Si (p) | 99.2 eV | 285.0 eV | The XPS Library | |
Si | 14 | Si – element | 99.5 eV | 285.0 eV | The XPS Library | |
Si | 14 | Si (n) | 99.8 eV | 285.0 eV | The XPS Library | |
Si | 14 | SiC (N*5) | 100.4 eV | 100.7 eV | 284.8 eV | Avg BE – NIST |
Si | 14 | SiC | 100.5 eV | 285.0 eV | The XPS Library | |
Si | 14 | Si2O | 100.8 eV | 285.0 eV | The XPS Library | |
Si | 14 | Si3N4 (N*12) | 101.5 eV | 102.1 eV | 284.8 eV | Avg BE – NIST |
Si | 14 | Si-O | 101.5 eV | 285.0 eV | The XPS Library | |
Si | 14 | Si3N4 | 101.7 eV | 285.0 eV | The XPS Library | |
Si | 14 | SiCN | 101.8 eV | 285.0 eV | The XPS Library | |
Si | 14 | B4Si (N*1) | 101.9 eV | 284.8 eV | Avg BE – NIST | |
Si | 14 | Pyrope | 102.1 eV | 285.0 eV | The XPS Library | |
Si | 14 | HfSiOx | 102.3 eV | 285.0 eV | The XPS Library | |
Si | 14 | Si2O3 | 102.3 eV | 285.0 eV | The XPS Library | |
Si | 14 | Mica | 102.4 eV | 285.0 eV | The XPS Library | |
Si | 14 | M-SiO3 (N*2) | 102.4 eV | 103.3 eV | 284.8 eV | Avg BE – NIST |
Si | 14 | Si-PDMS | 102.4 eV | 102.6 eV | 285.0 eV | The XPS Library |
Si | 14 | Al2SiO5 | 102.8 eV | 285.0 eV | The XPS Library | |
Si | 14 | Aluminosilicates | 102.8 eV | 285.0 eV | The XPS Library | |
Si | 14 | SiON | 102.8 eV | 103.0 eV | 285.0 eV | The XPS Library |
Si | 14 | LiAlSi2O6 | 103.0 eV | 285.0 eV | The XPS Library | |
Si | 14 | SiO2 | 103.1 eV | 285.0 eV | The XPS Library | |
Si | 14 | SiO2 thermal | 103.2 eV | 285.0 eV | The XPS Library | |
Si | 14 | SiO2 fused | 103.4 eV | 285.0 eV | The XPS Library | |
Si | 14 | Si-(OH)4 Opal | 103.7 eV | 285.0 eV | The XPS Library |
Charge Referencing
- (N*number) identifies the number of NIST BEs that were averaged to produce the BE in the middle column.
- Binding Energy Scale Calibration expects Cu (2p3/2) BE = 932.62 eV and Au (4f7/2) BE = 83.98 eV. BE (eV) Uncertainty Range: +/- 0.2 eV
- Charge Referencing of insulators is defined such that the Adventitious Hydrocarbon C (1s) BE (eV) = 285.0 eV. NIST uses C (1s) BE = 284.8 eV
- Note: Ion etching removes adventitious carbon, implants Ar (+), changes conductivity of surface, and degrades chemistry of various chemical states.
- Note: Ion Etching changes BE of C (1s) hydrocarbon peak.
- TXL – abbreviation for: “The XPS Library” (https://xpslibrary.com). NIST: National Institute for Science and Technology (in USA)
Table #2
Si (2p) Chemical State BEs from: “PHI Handbook”
C (1s) BE = 284.8 eV
Copyright ©: Ulvac-PHI
Table #3
Si (2p) Chemical State BEs from: “Thermo-Scientific” Website
C (1s) BE = 284.8 eV
Chemical state | Binding energy Si (2p) / eV |
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Si element | 99.4 |
Si3N4 | 101.7 |
ZrSiO4 | 102 |
Organic Si | ~102 |
Aluminosilicate | 102.7 |
SiO2 | 103.5 |
Copyright ©: Thermo Scientific
Table #4
Si (2p) Chemical State BEs from: “XPSfitting” Website
Chemical State BE Table derived by Averaging BEs in the NIST XPS database of BEs
C (1s) BE = 284.8 eV
Copyright ©: Mark Beisinger
Table #5
Si (2p) Chemical State BEs from: “Techdb.podzone.net” Website
XPS Spectra – Chemical Shift | Binding Energy
C (1s) BE = 284.6 eV
XPS(X線光電子分光法)スペクトル 化学状態 化学シフト ケミカルシフト
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Histograms of NIST BEs for Si (2p) BEs
Important Note: NIST Database defines Adventitious Hydrocarbon C (1s) BE = 284.8 eV for all insulators.
Histogram indicates: 99.4 eV for Sio based on 37 literature BEs Doping type is Unknown n-Si can be 0.6 eV smaller than p-Si |
Histogram indicates: 103.5 eV for SiO2 based on 54 literature BEs |
Histogram indicates: 101.9 eV for Si3N4 based on 15 literature BEs | Histogram indicates: 99.2 eV for SiHx based on 16 literature BEs |
Histogram indicates: 102.5 eV for -((CH3)2SiO)n– based on 7 literature BEs PDMS = Silicone Oil = Poly-dimethylsiloxane |
Histogram indicates: 100.6 eV for SiC based on 11 literature BEs |
Table #6
NIST Database of Si (2p) Binding Energies
NIST Standard Reference Database 20, Version 4.1
Data compiled and evaluated
by
Alexander V. Naumkin, Anna Kraut-Vass, Stephen W. Gaarenstroom, and Cedric J. Powell
©2012 copyright by the U.S. Secretary of Commerce on behalf of the United States of America. All rights reserved.
Important Note: NIST Database defines Adventitious Hydrocarbon C (1s) BE = 284.8 eV for all insulators.
Element | Spectral Line | Formula | Energy (eV) | Reference |
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Si | 2p | Tm/Si | 98.00 | Click |
Si | 2p | Tm/Si | 98.00 | Click |
Si | 2p | Gd5Si3 | 98.10 | Click |
Si | 2p | Si | 98.40 | Click |
Si | 2p | Si/Ba | 98.40 | Click |
Si | 2p | FeSi | 98.60 | Click |
Si | 2p | GdSi | 98.60 | Click |
Si | 2p | (-O)3Si(CH2)3NHC(O)(CH2)7C(O)OH/Si | 98.60 | Click |
Si | 2p | Si | 98.70 | Click |
Si | 2p | Er/Si | 98.70 | Click |
Si | 2p | SiO2/Si | 98.70 | Click |
Si | 2p | Tm/Si | 98.70 | Click |
Si | 2p | Tm/Si | 98.70 | Click |
Si | 2p | Tm/Si | 98.70 | Click |
Si | 2p | TiSi2 | 98.80 | Click |
Si | 2p | SiO2/Si | 98.80 | Click |
Si | 2p | SiO2/Si | 98.80 | Click |
Si | 2p | Au34Si66 | 98.80 | Click |
Si | 2p | Si/(CH3(CH2)16C(O)O)2Cd | 98.80 | Click |
Si | 2p | Si/AlAs | 98.89 | Click |
Si | 2p | Si | 98.90 | Click |
Si | 2p | Si | 98.90 | Click |
Si | 2p | FeSi2 | 98.90 | Click |
Si | 2p | Er/Si | 98.90 | Click |
Si | 2p | Er/Si | 98.90 | Click |
Si | 2p | SiO2/Si | 98.90 | Click |
Si | 2p | Au59Si41 | 98.90 | Click |
Si | 2p | Si/Y | 98.90 | Click |
Si | 2p | Gd3Si5 | 98.90 | Click |
Si | 2p | (-O)3Si(CH2)3NHC(O)(CH2)16CH3/Si | 98.90 | Click |
Si | 2p | Si/(-O)3Si(CH2)3NHC(O)(CH2)11NO2 | 98.90 | Click |
Si | 2p | Si:H | 98.90 | Click |
Si | 2p | Si/SiO2/Zr | 98.90 | Click |
Si | 2p | Zr1.02Si0.96Te1.02 | 98.90 | Click |
Si | 2p | Si/Pt | 98.97 | Click |
Si | 2p | Si/Pt | 98.97 | Click |
Si | 2p | Si | 99.00 | Click |
Si | 2p | FeSi | 99.00 | Click |
Si | 2p | Tm/Si | 99.00 | Click |
Si | 2p | Tm/Si | 99.00 | Click |
Si | 2p | Tm/Si | 99.00 | Click |
Si | 2p | Si/(-O)3Si(CH2)3NHC(O)(CH2)11NH2 | 99.00 | Click |
Si | 2p | Si/(-O)3Si(CH2)3NHC(O)(CH2)7C(O)OCH3 | 99.00 | Click |
Si | 2p | Si/O2 | 99.00 | Click |
Si | 2p | Si/Ir | 99.02 | Click |
Si | 2p | Si/Ir | 99.07 | Click |
Si | 2p | Si | 99.10 | Click |
Si | 2p | Si | 99.10 | Click |
Si | 2p | SiO2/Si | 99.10 | Click |
Si | 2p | Au45Si55 | 99.10 | Click |
Si | 2p | SiOx/Si | 99.10 | Click |
Si | 2p | Si/SiO2/Zr | 99.10 | Click |
Si | 2p | Si | 99.20 | Click |
Si | 2p | Si | 99.20 | Click |
Si | 2p | FeSi2 | 99.20 | Click |
Si | 2p | Si/Y | 99.20 | Click |
Si | 2p | SiF4/Si | 99.20 | Click |
Si | 2p | SiF4/Si | 99.20 | Click |
Si | 2p | Si | 99.22 | Click |
Si | 2p | Ag/SiHx | 99.23 | Click |
Si | 2p | CoSi2/Si | 99.27 | Click |
Si | 2p | Si | 99.30 | Click |
Si | 2p | Si | 99.30 | Click |
Si | 2p | Si | 99.30 | Click |
Si | 2p | Si | 99.30 | Click |
Si | 2p | FeSi2 | 99.30 | Click |
Si | 2p | Er/Si | 99.30 | Click |
Si | 2p | Er/Si | 99.30 | Click |
Si | 2p | SiOx/Si | 99.30 | Click |
Si | 2p | SiOx/Si | 99.30 | Click |
Si | 2p | Ta2O5/Si | 99.30 | Click |
Si | 2p | Ta2O5/Si | 99.30 | Click |
Si | 2p | Ta2O5/Si | 99.30 | Click |
Si | 2p | Si/SiO2 | 99.30 | Click |
Si | 2p | SiOx/Si | 99.34 | Click |
Si | 2p | Ag/SiHx | 99.35 | Click |
Si | 2p | SiO2/Si | 99.37 | Click |
Si | 2p | SiOx/Si | 99.40 | Click |
Si | 2p | Si | 99.40 | Click |
Si | 2p | Si | 99.40 | Click |
Si | 2p | MoSi2.2 | 99.40 | Click |
Si | 2p | Y2O3/SiO2/Si | 99.40 | Click |
Si | 2p | Y/SiO2/Si | 99.40 | Click |
Si | 2p | (ZrO2)91(Y2O3)9/Si | 99.40 | Click |
Si | 2p | (ZrO2)91(Y2O3)9/Si | 99.40 | Click |
Si | 2p | Si/SiO2 | 99.40 | Click |
Si | 2p | Si | 99.42 | Click |
Si | 2p | Si/Ba | 99.45 | Click |
Si | 2p | Si/GaAs | 99.49 | Click |
Si | 2p | SiOx | 99.50 | Click |
Si | 2p | O2/Si | 99.50 | Click |
Si | 2p | SiO2/Si | 99.50 | Click |
Si | 2p | SiHx | 99.50 | Click |
Si | 2p | SiHx | 99.50 | Click |
Si | 2p | Si/Y | 99.50 | Click |
Si | 2p | SiOx/Si | 99.50 | Click |
Si | 2p | Si/GaAs | 99.50 | Click |
Si | 2p | Pd/Si | 99.50 | Click |
Si | 2p | Si/Ir | 99.52 | Click |
Si | 2p | Si/GaAs | 99.52 | Click |
Si | 2p | Si/GaAs | 99.53 | Click |
Si | 2p | Si/Ba | 99.55 | Click |
Si | 2p | Si/GaAs | 99.55 | Click |
Si | 2p | Si/GaAs | 99.55 | Click |
Si | 2p | Si/GaAs | 99.57 | Click |
Si | 2p | Si | 99.59 | Click |
Si | 2p | Si | 99.60 | Click |
Si | 2p | Si | 99.60 | Click |
Si | 2p | Si | 99.60 | Click |
Si | 2p | Si | 99.60 | Click |
Si | 2p | Si | 99.60 | Click |
Si | 2p | Si | 99.60 | Click |
Si | 2p | Si | 99.60 | Click |
Si | 2p | SiH0.1 | 99.60 | Click |
Si | 2p | Si/GaAs | 99.60 | Click |
Si | 2p | Si | 99.61 | Click |
Si | 2p | Si/Ir | 99.62 | Click |
Si | 2p | SiH0.2 | 99.65 | Click |
Si | 2p | Si | 99.67 | Click |
Si | 2p | FeSi2 | 99.70 | Click |
Si | 2p | Pt/Si | 99.72 | Click |
Si | 2p | Si | 99.80 | Click |
Si | 2p | Te/Si | 99.80 | Click |
Si | 2p | Te/Si | 99.80 | Click |
Si | 2p | SiO1.4 | 99.80 | Click |
Si | 2p | SiO0.4 | 99.80 | Click |
Si | 2p | Si/GaAs | 99.81 | Click |
Si | 2p | SiC | 99.85 | Click |
Si | 2p | Si/GaAs | 99.87 | Click |
Si | 2p | SiO2/Si | 99.92 | Click |
Si | 2p | Si/GaAs | 99.92 | Click |
Si | 2p | Si/GaAs | 99.95 | Click |
Si | 2p | Si/GaAs | 99.96 | Click |
Si | 2p | Si/GaAs | 99.99 | Click |
Si | 2p | SiC1.5 | 100.00 | Click |
Si | 2p | Si/GaAs | 100.08 | Click |
Si | 2p | SiC | 100.10 | Click |
Si | 2p | SiC1.3 | 100.10 | Click |
Si | 2p | SiC | 100.20 | Click |
Si | 2p | SiC | 100.20 | Click |
Si | 2p | SiC1.9 | 100.20 | Click |
Si | 2p | SiC2.3 | 100.20 | Click |
Si | 2p | Pt/Si | 100.22 | Click |
Si | 2p | SiC | 100.30 | Click |
Si | 2p | SiC1.7 | 100.30 | Click |
Si | 2p | SiC | 100.40 | Click |
Si | 2p | SiC | 100.40 | Click |
Si | 2p | SiC | 100.40 | Click |
Si | 2p | SiOx | 100.40 | Click |
Si | 2p | O2/Si | 100.40 | Click |
Si | 2p | Pd2Si | 100.50 | Click |
Si | 2p | (-(CH3)x(SiHy)-)n | 100.50 | Click |
Si | 2p | SiC | 100.60 | Click |
Si | 2p | SiC | 100.60 | Click |
Si | 2p | Si3N4 | 100.60 | Click |
Si | 2p | SiC | 100.70 | Click |
Si | 2p | Pd[C&=CSi(CH3)3]2(P(C6H5)3)2 | 100.70 | Click |
Si | 2p | SiC | 100.80 | Click |
Si | 2p | SiC | 100.80 | Click |
Si | 2p | SiOx | 101.10 | Click |
Si | 2p | O2/Si | 101.10 | Click |
Si | 2p | (-CH2CH(Si(OCH3)3)-)n | 101.10 | Click |
Si | 2p | (-CH2C((CH3)C(O)O(CH2)3Si(OCH3)3)-)n | 101.10 | Click |
Si | 2p | (-OCH2CH(CH2O(CH2)3Si(OCH3)3)-)n | 101.10 | Click |
Si | 2p | (-CH2CH(Si(CH3)3)-)n | 101.20 | Click |
Si | 2p | CaF2/Si | 101.30 | Click |
Si | 2p | CaF2/Si | 101.30 | Click |
Si | 2p | CaF2/Si | 101.30 | Click |
Si | 2p | (SiO2)0.517(Na2O)0.299(Fe2O3)0.18 | 101.30 | Click |
Si | 2p | (-Si(OCH3)2O-)xAly | 101.40 | Click |
Si | 2p | Si3N4 | 101.50 | Click |
Si | 2p | (PbF2)9.0(PbO)63.7(SiO2)27.3 | 101.50 | Click |
Si | 2p | (PbF2)17.2PbO)54.3(SiO2)28.5 | 101.50 | Click |
Si | 2p | (SiO2)0.563(Na2O)0.304(Fe2O3)0.13 | 101.50 | Click |
Si | 2p | (PbF2)12.7(PbO)58.2(SiO2)29.1 | 101.60 | Click |
Si | 2p | (PbF2)3.2(PbO)68.7(SiO2)28.1 | 101.60 | Click |
Si | 2p | AlN7OSi5 | 101.60 | Click |
Si | 2p | Na12[Al12Si12O48].18H2O | 101.60 | Click |
Si | 2p | (SiO2)0.618(Na2O)0.298(Fe2O3)0.085 | 101.60 | Click |
Si | 2p | (-Si(CH3)2O-)n | 101.62 | Click |
Si | 2p | (Si(CH3)2-O-)n | 101.62 | Click |
Si | 2p | (-Si(CH3)2-C6H4-Si(CH3)2-O-)n | 101.70 | Click |
Si | 2p | Si2N2O | 101.70 | Click |
Si | 2p | Al2N6O2Si4 | 101.70 | Click |
Si | 2p | Al3N5O3Si3 | 101.70 | Click |
Si | 2p | Al4N4O4Si2 | 101.70 | Click |
Si | 2p | (MgO)0.047Si3N4 | 101.70 | Click |
Si | 2p | Al0.55Si0.10P0.35O2.2 | 101.80 | Click |
Si | 2p | Si3N4/Si | 101.80 | Click |
Si | 2p | Si3N4 | 101.80 | Click |
Si | 2p | (PbF2)15.6(PbO)56.0(SiO2)28.4 | 101.80 | Click |
Si | 2p | Na11.9(AlO2)11.9(SiO2)12.1 | 101.80 | Click |
Si | 2p | (SiO2)0.667(Na2O)0.287(Fe2O3)0.046 | 101.80 | Click |
Si | 2p | Si3N4/InP | 101.90 | Click |
Si | 2p | SiOx | 101.90 | Click |
Si | 2p | O2/Si | 101.90 | Click |
Si | 2p | Si3N4/Si | 101.90 | Click |
Si | 2p | Na7.5Al6Si6O24S4.5 | 101.90 | Click |
Si | 2p | SiO0.93 | 101.90 | Click |
Si | 2p | B22.5Si18.2O18.5N40.5 | 101.90 | Click |
Si | 2p | SiN1.1 | 101.90 | Click |
Si | 2p | Si3N4/Si | 102.00 | Click |
Si | 2p | SiO | 102.00 | Click |
Si | 2p | SiO2(Al2O3)0.22 | 102.00 | Click |
Si | 2p | C6H9O(CH2)2Si((CH3)2)OSi((CH3)2)(CH2)2C6H9O | 102.00 | Click |
Si | 2p | B22.4Si16.7O24.1N36.5 | 102.00 | Click |
Si | 2p | Si3N4 | 102.04 | Click |
Si | 2p | (-Si(CH3)2O-)n | 102.10 | Click |
Si | 2p | (Si(CH3)2-O-)n | 102.10 | Click |
Si | 2p | (-Si(CH3)(C6H5)O-)n | 102.10 | Click |
Si | 2p | (Si(CH3)(C6H5)-O-)n | 102.10 | Click |
Si | 2p | Si3N4 | 102.10 | Click |
Si | 2p | SiO0.35N1.1/Si | 102.10 | Click |
Si | 2p | SiO2(Al2O3)0.22 | 102.10 | Click |
Si | 2p | K0.7(NaCa)0.3(Mg2.84Fe0.02)Al1.2Si2.8O10(OH1.5F0.50) | 102.10 | Click |
Si | 2p | K0.7(NaCa)0.3(Mg2.84Fe0.02)Al1.2Si2.8O10(OH1.5F0.50) | 102.10 | Click |
Si | 2p | B17.8Si17.0O47.5N19.1 | 102.10 | Click |
Si | 2p | (-Si(CH3)2O-)n | 102.20 | Click |
Si | 2p | (-Si(C6H5)(CH3)O-)n | 102.20 | Click |
Si | 2p | (-Si(C6H5)2O-)n | 102.20 | Click |
Si | 2p | (MoO3)90(SiO)10 | 102.20 | Click |
Si | 2p | SiO0.7N0.9/Si | 102.20 | Click |
Si | 2p | SiO2(Al2O3)0.55 | 102.20 | Click |
Si | 2p | SiO2(Al2O3)0.55 | 102.20 | Click |
Si | 2p | SiO1.02 | 102.20 | Click |
Si | 2p | SiO1.05 | 102.20 | Click |
Si | 2p | (SiO2)0.694(Na2O)0.306 | 102.20 | Click |
Si | 2p | Na85.4(AlO2)85.4(SiO2)106.6 | 102.20 | Click |
Si | 2p | (-Si(CH3)2O-)n | 102.30 | Click |
Si | 2p | (-Si(CH3)2O-)n | 102.30 | Click |
Si | 2p | Al0.44Si0.41P0.13O2.1 | 102.30 | Click |
Si | 2p | (MoO3)80(SiO)20 | 102.30 | Click |
Si | 2p | CaTiSiO5 | 102.30 | Click |
Si | 2p | K0.9(Mg1.56Fe1.14Ti0.11)Al0.96Si3.0O10(OH1.44F0.56) | 102.30 | Click |
Si | 2p | K0.9(Mg1.56Fe1.14Ti0.11)Al0.96Si3.0O10(OH1.44F0.56) | 102.30 | Click |
Si | 2p | Na88Al86Si106O384 | 102.30 | Click |
Si | 2p | C6H9O(CH2)2Si((CH3)2)OSi((CH3)2)OSi((CH3)2)OSi((CH3)2)(CH2)2C6H9O | 102.30 | Click |
Si | 2p | Ca6(Si6O17)(OH)2 | 102.30 | Click |
Si | 2p | Na69(NH4)13Al82Si110O384 | 102.30 | Click |
Si | 2p | Ca10(PO4)4.4(SiO4)1.24(CO3)0.36(OH)1.12 | 102.30 | Click |
Si | 2p | (-Si(CH3)2O-)n | 102.40 | Click |
Si | 2p | (-Si(CH3)2O-)n | 102.40 | Click |
Si | 2p | (-Si(CH3)2O-)n | 102.40 | Click |
Si | 2p | (-CH2CH(Si(OCH3)3)-)n | 102.40 | Click |
Si | 2p | (-CH2C((CH3)C(O)O(CH2)3Si(OCH3)3)-)n | 102.40 | Click |
Si | 2p | (-OCH2CH(CH2O(CH2)3Si(OCH3)3)-)n | 102.40 | Click |
Si | 2p | SiO2(Al2O3)0.22 | 102.40 | Click |
Si | 2p | Y2O3/SiO2/Si | 102.40 | Click |
Si | 2p | Si35O26N38 | 102.40 | Click |
Si | 2p | Si33O44N22 | 102.40 | Click |
Si | 2p | SiO1.19 | 102.40 | Click |
Si | 2p | SiO1.24 | 102.40 | Click |
Si | 2p | NaAlSi2O6.H2O | 102.40 | Click |
Si | 2p | HSCH2(CH2)9CH(OH)+C18H37SiCl3 | 102.40 | Click |
Si | 2p | (Na,Ca)0.5Fe1.0[Mg1.2Fe1.5Al2.3][Si6.8Al1.2O22](OH)2 | 102.40 | Click |
Si | 2p | (SiO2)55(CaO)21.5(Al2O3)14.5(B2O3)6.0(Na2O)0.8(MgO)0.6(Fe2O3)0.4(TiO2)0.3(F2)0.6(FO2)0.3(K2O)0.1 | 102.40 | Click |
Si | 2p | HOOC-(Si(CH3)2-O-)n-COOH | 102.40 | Click |
Si | 2p | Na52(NH4)30Al82Si110O384 | 102.40 | Click |
Si | 2p | Na15(NH4)66Al82Si110O384 | 102.40 | Click |
Si | 2p | (-Si(CH3)2O-)n | 102.50 | Click |
Si | 2p | (Si(CH3)2-O-)n | 102.50 | Click |
Si | 2p | (MoO3)70(SiO)30 | 102.50 | Click |
Si | 2p | SiF4/Si | 102.50 | Click |
Si | 2p | SiF4/Si | 102.50 | Click |
Si | 2p | SiO2(Al2O3)2.1 | 102.50 | Click |
Si | 2p | (MoO3)70(SiO)30 | 102.60 | Click |
Si | 2p | O2/Sr/Si | 102.60 | Click |
Si | 2p | (-Si(OCH3)2O-)n | 102.60 | Click |
Si | 2p | Al2Si2O5(OH)4 | 102.65 | Click |
Si | 2p | (MoO3)70(SiO)30 | 102.70 | Click |
Si | 2p | (MoO3)60(SiO)40 | 102.70 | Click |
Si | 2p | (-O)3Si(CH2)3NHC(O)(CH2)11NO2/Si | 102.70 | Click |
Si | 2p | (-O)3Si(CH2)3NHC(O)(CH2)7C(O)OCH3/Si | 102.70 | Click |
Si | 2p | (-O)3Si(CH2)3NHC(O)(CH2)7C(O)OH/Si | 102.70 | Click |
Si | 2p | SiO2(Al2O3)0.55 | 102.70 | Click |
Si | 2p | Al6Si2O13 | 102.70 | Click |
Si | 2p | SiO1.35 | 102.70 | Click |
Si | 2p | Al2SiO5 | 102.70 | Click |
Si | 2p | (MoO3)70(SiO)30 | 102.80 | Click |
Si | 2p | SiO2/Si | 102.80 | Click |
Si | 2p | (MoO3)50(SiO)50 | 102.80 | Click |
Si | 2p | ZrSiO4 | 102.80 | Click |
Si | 2p | Si32O49N19 | 102.80 | Click |
Si | 2p | SiO1.52 | 102.80 | Click |
Si | 2p | SiO1.49 | 102.80 | Click |
Si | 2p | Na54.5(AlO2)54.5(SiO2)137.5 | 102.80 | Click |
Si | 2p | H3Na45(AlO2)56(SiO2)136 | 102.80 | Click |
Si | 2p | (K,Ca)2[Mg4.3Fe0.7][Si7.2Al0.8O22](OH)2 | 102.80 | Click |
Si | 2p | (Ca1.6Mg0.4)[Mg2.0Fe1.9Al1.0][Si7.2Al0.8O22](OH,Cl) | 102.80 | Click |
Si | 2p | CH3Si((C6H5)2)OSi(CH3)(C6H5)OSi((C6H5)2)CH3 | 102.82 | Click |
Si | 2p | Al0.35Si0.48P0.16O2.2 | 102.90 | Click |
Si | 2p | (-O)3Si(CH2)3NHC(O)(CH2)11NH2/Si | 102.90 | Click |
Si | 2p | (-O)3Si(CH2)3NHC(O)(CH2)16CH3/Si | 102.90 | Click |
Si | 2p | ZrO0.15H2.25Na0.08[(AlO2)2.63(SiO2)93.37] | 102.90 | Click |
Si | 2p | Na60Al63Si128O384 | 102.90 | Click |
Si | 2p | Ca2[Mg5][Si8O22]OH2 | 102.90 | Click |
Si | 2p | Na26.5H24.5Al51Si141O384 | 102.90 | Click |
Si | 2p | Ca2[Mg5][Si8O22](OH)2 | 102.90 | Click |
Si | 2p | SiO2 | 103.00 | Click |
Si | 2p | SiO2 | 103.00 | Click |
Si | 2p | SiO2/Si | 103.00 | Click |
Si | 2p | NiSiO3 | 103.00 | Click |
Si | 2p | SiO2(Al2O3)2.1 | 103.00 | Click |
Si | 2p | Ta2O5/Si | 103.00 | Click |
Si | 2p | Ta2O5/Si | 103.00 | Click |
Si | 2p | Si/(CH3(CH2)16C(O)O)2Cd | 103.00 | Click |
Si | 2p | Pt4H7Na41(AlO2)56(SiO2)136 | 103.00 | Click |
Si | 2p | H20Na28(AlO2)56(SiO2)136 | 103.00 | Click |
Si | 2p | Al0.041Si0.264Na0.04K0.02O0.635 | 103.00 | Click |
Si | 2p | H7Na41(AlO2)56(SiO2)136 | 103.00 | Click |
Si | 2p | Pt4H20Na28(AlO2)56(SiO2)136 | 103.00 | Click |
Si | 2p | H11Na37(AlO2)56(SiO2)136 | 103.00 | Click |
Si | 2p | Pt4H3Na45(AlO2)56(SiO2)136 | 103.00 | Click |
Si | 2p | Pt4H11Na37(AlO2)56(SiO2)136 | 103.00 | Click |
Si | 2p | SiO2/Si | 103.10 | Click |
Si | 2p | SiO2/Si | 103.10 | Click |
Si | 2p | SiO2 | 103.10 | Click |
Si | 2p | Ta2O5/Si | 103.10 | Click |
Si | 2p | SiO1.78 | 103.10 | Click |
Si | 2p | SiO2 | 103.20 | Click |
Si | 2p | SiO2 | 103.20 | Click |
Si | 2p | SiO2 | 103.20 | Click |
Si | 2p | SiO2 | 103.20 | Click |
Si | 2p | SiOx | 103.20 | Click |
Si | 2p | O2/Si | 103.20 | Click |
Si | 2p | Al0.2Si0.8O2.2 | 103.20 | Click |
Si | 2p | O2/Sr/Si | 103.20 | Click |
Si | 2p | O2/Sr/Si | 103.20 | Click |
Si | 2p | O2/Sr/Si | 103.20 | Click |
Si | 2p | SiO2/Si | 103.20 | Click |
Si | 2p | SiO2/Si | 103.20 | Click |
Si | 2p | SiO2 | 103.20 | Click |
Si | 2p | CH3(CH2)17SiCl3/Al | 103.20 | Click |
Si | 2p | Na5.2(NH4)46.8Al52Si140O384 | 103.20 | Click |
Si | 2p | SiO1.91 | 103.20 | Click |
Si | 2p | B22.5Si18.2O18.5N40.5 | 103.20 | Click |
Si | 2p | Si0.284Zr0.031O0.657F0.028 | 103.20 | Click |
Si | 2p | B17.8Si17.0O47.5N19.1 | 103.20 | Click |
Si | 2p | B22.4Si16.7O24.1N36.5 | 103.20 | Click |
Si | 2p | SiO2/Si | 103.22 | Click |
Si | 2p | SiOx/Si | 103.30 | Click |
Si | 2p | SiO2 | 103.30 | Click |
Si | 2p | SiO2/Si | 103.30 | Click |
Si | 2p | SiO2 | 103.30 | Click |
Si | 2p | SiO2 | 103.30 | Click |
Si | 2p | Na0.6H27.4Al28Si164O384 | 103.30 | Click |
Si | 2p | Si0.251Zr0.074O0.651F0.025 | 103.30 | Click |
Si | 2p | B15.2Si17.9O64.0N3.0 | 103.30 | Click |
Si | 2p | B19.7Si15.2O57.2N7.8 | 103.30 | Click |
Si | 2p | Si0.255Zr0.072O0.665F0.008 | 103.30 | Click |
Si | 2p | SiO2 | 103.40 | Click |
Si | 2p | SiO2 | 103.40 | Click |
Si | 2p | (-OCH2CH(CH2O(CH2)3Si(OCH3)3)-)n | 103.40 | Click |
Si | 2p | SiO2 | 103.40 | Click |
Si | 2p | SiO2 | 103.40 | Click |
Si | 2p | SiO2/Si | 103.40 | Click |
Si | 2p | SiO2/Si | 103.40 | Click |
Si | 2p | SiO2/Si | 103.40 | Click |
Si | 2p | SiO1.9 | 103.40 | Click |
Si | 2p | SiO2 | 103.40 | Click |
Si | 2p | SiO2 | 103.40 | Click |
Si | 2p | SiO2 | 103.40 | Click |
Si | 2p | SiO2 | 103.40 | Click |
Si | 2p | O2/Si0.8Ge0.2/Si | 103.40 | Click |
Si | 2p | Si/O2 | 103.40 | Click |
Si | 2p | SiO2/Al/Mo | 103.40 | Click |
Si | 2p | SiO2/Si | 103.41 | Click |
Si | 2p | SiO2/Si | 103.49 | Click |
Si | 2p | SiO2 | 103.50 | Click |
Si | 2p | SiO2 | 103.50 | Click |
Si | 2p | (-CH2CH(Si(OCH3)3)-)n | 103.50 | Click |
Si | 2p | (-CH2C((CH3)C(O)O(CH2)3Si(OCH3)3)-)n | 103.50 | Click |
Si | 2p | SiO2/Si | 103.50 | Click |
Si | 2p | SiO2 | 103.50 | Click |
Si | 2p | SiO2 | 103.50 | Click |
Si | 2p | SiO2 | 103.50 | Click |
Si | 2p | SiO2 | 103.50 | Click |
Si | 2p | B15.9Si19.0O65.1 | 103.50 | Click |
Si | 2p | Si0.397Ge0.9O0.594 | 103.50 | Click |
Si | 2p | Si0.284Zr0.042O0.656F0.017 | 103.50 | Click |
Si | 2p | Si0.255Zr0.061O0.675F0.008 | 103.50 | Click |
Si | 2p | Si0.294Zr0.029O0.670F0.006 | 103.50 | Click |
Si | 2p | Si0.057Zr0.269O0.597F0.078 | 103.50 | Click |
Si | 2p | Si0.277Zr0.043O0.642F0.038 | 103.50 | Click |
Si | 2p | Si0.314Zr0.012O0.655F0.019 | 103.50 | Click |
Si | 2p | SiOx/Si | 103.60 | Click |
Si | 2p | SiO2 | 103.60 | Click |
Si | 2p | SiO2 | 103.60 | Click |
Si | 2p | SiO2 | 103.60 | Click |
Si | 2p | SiO2 | 103.60 | Click |
Si | 2p | SiO2/Si | 103.60 | Click |
Si | 2p | SiO2 | 103.60 | Click |
Si | 2p | SiO2 | 103.60 | Click |
Si | 2p | SiO2 | 103.60 | Click |
Si | 2p | SiO2 | 103.60 | Click |
Si | 2p | SiO2 | 103.60 | Click |
Si | 2p | SiO2 | 103.60 | Click |
Si | 2p | B19.2Si15.3O65.4 | 103.60 | Click |
Si | 2p | Pt/SiO2/Si | 103.61 | Click |
Si | 2p | Mg2[Mg5][Si8O22]OH2 | 103.65 | Click |
Si | 2p | Mg2[Mg5][Si8O22](OH)2 | 103.65 | Click |
Si | 2p | SiO2/Si | 103.67 | Click |
Si | 2p | SiO2 | 103.70 | Click |
Si | 2p | SiO2 | 103.70 | Click |
Si | 2p | SiO2 | 103.70 | Click |
Si | 2p | SiO2 | 103.70 | Click |
Si | 2p | SiO2/Si | 103.70 | Click |
Si | 2p | SiO2/Si | 103.70 | Click |
Si | 2p | SiO2 | 103.70 | Click |
Si | 2p | SiO2 | 103.70 | Click |
Si | 2p | SiO2 | 103.70 | Click |
Si | 2p | SiO2 | 103.70 | Click |
Si | 2p | SiO2.05 | 103.70 | Click |
Si | 2p | SiO2.08 | 103.70 | Click |
Si | 2p | Na0.2H7.4Al7.6Si184.4O384 | 103.70 | Click |
Si | 2p | Si0.316Zr0.013O0.664F0.008 | 103.70 | Click |
Si | 2p | Si0.300Zr0.028O0.640F0.032 | 103.70 | Click |
Si | 2p | Si0.322Zr0.005O0.655F0.019 | 103.70 | Click |
Si | 2p | SiO2 | 103.80 | Click |
Si | 2p | SiO2 | 103.80 | Click |
Si | 2p | (-Si(CH3)2O-)n | 103.80 | Click |
Si | 2p | SiO2 | 103.80 | Click |
Si | 2p | SiO2 | 103.80 | Click |
Si | 2p | SiO2 | 103.80 | Click |
Si | 2p | SiO2 | 103.80 | Click |
Si | 2p | SiO1.8 | 103.80 | Click |
Si | 2p | SiO1.4 | 103.80 | Click |
Si | 2p | SiO0.4 | 103.80 | Click |
Si | 2p | Si0.380Ge0.05O0.615 | 103.80 | Click |
Si | 2p | SiO2 | 103.90 | Click |
Si | 2p | SiO2/Mo | 103.90 | Click |
Si | 2p | SiO2/Al/Mo | 103.90 | Click |
Si | 2p | Si0.334O0.649F0.017 | 103.90 | Click |
Si | 2p | Si0.334O0.661F0.005 | 103.90 | Click |
Si | 2p | Si0.328Zr0.001O0.665F0.007 | 103.90 | Click |
Si | 2p | SiOx | 104.00 | Click |
Si | 2p | O2/Si | 104.00 | Click |
Si | 2p | SiO2 | 104.00 | Click |
Si | 2p | SiO2 | 104.00 | Click |
Si | 2p | SiO2 | 104.00 | Click |
Si | 2p | SiO2 | 104.00 | Click |
Si | 2p | SiO2 | 104.00 | Click |
Si | 2p | SiO2 | 104.10 | Click |
Si | 2p | Si0.297Ge0.115O0.588 | 104.50 | Click |
Si | 2p | SiF4/Si | 105.00 | Click |
Si | 2p | SiF4/Si | 105.00 | Click |
Si | 2p | SiF4/Si | 107.70 | Click |
Statistical Analysis of Binding Energies in NIST XPS Database of BEs
Advanced XPS Information Section
Expert Knowledge, Spectra, Features, Guidance and Cautions
for XPS Research Studies on Silicon Materials
Expert Knowledge Examples & Explanations
Silicon Chemical Compounds
Peak-fits and Overlays of Chemical State Spectra
Pure Silicon: Si (2p) Cu (2p3/2) BE = 932.6 eV |
Silicone Oil (PDMS): Si (2p) C (1s) BE = 285.0 eV |
SiO2: Si (2p) C (1s) BE = 285.0 eV |
Features Observed
- xx
- xx
- xx
Overlay of Si (2p) Spectra shown Above
C (1s) BE = 285.0 eV
FRESH Silicon (Si) Native Oxide on Silicon
Naturally Formed at 25 Co 1 atm after freshly cleaving in lab air (age ~30 min)
Survey Spectrum from FRESH Native Oxide on Sio Flood gun is OFF, C (1s) BE = 285.4 eV |
Si (2p) Chemical State Spectrum from FRESH Native Oxide on Sio Flood gun is OFF, C (1s) BE = 285.4 eV |
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|
. | |
O (1s) Chemical State Spectrum from FRESH Native Oxide on Sio Flood gun is OFF, C (1s) BE = 285.4 eV |
C (1s) Chemical State Spectrum from FRESH Native Oxide on Sio Flood gun is OFF, C (1s) BE = 285.4 eV |
Features Observed
- xx
- xx
- xx
Silicon Dioxide (SiO2), silica – fresh fractured bulk
Silica (amorphous) optical lens – fractured to expose bulk
Survey Spectrum from SiO2 Silica optical lens Flood gun is ON, C (1s) BE = 285.0 eV Freshly cleaved to expose bulk |
Si (2p) Chemical State Spectrum SiO2 Silica optical lens Flood gun is ON, C (1s) BE = 285.0 eV Freshly cleaved to expose bulk |
|
|
. | |
O (1s) Chemical State Spectrum from SiO2 Silica optical lens Flood gun is ON, C (1s) BE = 285.0 eV Freshly cleaved to expose bulk |
C (1s) Chemical State Spectrum from SiO2 Silica optical lens Flood gun is ON, C (1s) BE = 285.0 eV Freshly cleaved to expose bulk |
|
|
. | |
Si (2p) Chemical State Spectrum from SiO2 Silica optical lens Flood gun is ON, C (1s) BE = 285.0 eV Freshly cleaved to expose bulk |
Si (2s) Chemical State Spectrum from SiO2 Silica optical lens Flood gun is ON, C (1s) BE = 285.0 eV Freshly cleaved to expose bulk |
|
|
. | |
Valence Band Spectrum from SiO2 Silica optical lens Flood gun is ON, C (1s) BE = 285.0 eV Freshly cleaved to expose bulk |
Si (2p) and Si (2s) spectrum from SiO2 Silica optical lens Flood gun is ON, C (1s) BE = 285.0 eV Freshly cleaved to expose bulk |
|
|
Comparison of Si (2s) and Si (2p) Peak-shapes |
|
Features Observed
- xx
- xx
- xx
Silicon Chemical Compounds
Surveys and Peak-fits
PDMS (silicone oil) -(CH3)2Si-O)n– | ||
Survey Spectrum | ||
Si (2p) | O (1s) | C (1s) at 285.0 eV |
→ Periodic Table | ||
|
||
Water Glass Solution – Na2Si3O7 | ||
Survey Spectrum | ||
Si (2p) | O (1s) | C (1s) |
→ Periodic Table |
Quantitation Details and Information
Quantitation by XPS is often incorrectly done, in many laboratories, by integrating only the main peak, ignoring the Electron Loss peak, and the satellites that appear as much as 30 eV above the main peak. By ignoring the electron loss peak and the satellites, the accuracy of the atom% quantitation is in error.
When using theoretically calculated Scofield cross-section values, the data must be corrected for the transmission function effect, use the calculated TPP-2M IMFP values, the pass energy effect on the transmission function, and the peak area used for calculation must include the electron loss peak area, shake-up peak area, multiplet-splitting peak area, and satellites that occur within 30 eV of the main peak.
Flood Gun Effect on Native Oxide of Silicon
Native Oxide of Silicon Ribbon – Sample GROUNDED
versus
Native Oxide of Silicon Ribbon – Sample FLOATING
Native Oxide of Silicon Disk – Sample Grounded
Electron Flood Gun: 0 Voltage (FG OFF), Min Voltage versus Max Voltage |
||
Si (2p) | O (1s) | C (1s) |
Differential Shift of SiOx Peak is due to Differential Charging |
Differential Shift of O (1s) Peak is due to Differential Charging |
Differential Shift of Adventitious Carbon is a Slightly Larger |
Features Observed
Native Oxide of Silicon Disk – Sample Floating Electron Flood Gun: 0 Voltage (FG OFF), Min Voltage versus Max Voltage |
||
Si (2p) | O (1s) | C (1s) |
All Peaks Shift Linearly NO Differential Charging |
All Peaks Shift Linearly NO Differential Charging |
All Peaks Shift Linearly NO Differential Charging |
Features Observed
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Si (2p) Signal
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O (1s) Signal | C (1s) Signal |
AES Study of UHV Gas Capture by Freshly Ion Etched Silicon
Silicon ribbon was ion etched and allowed to react with residual UHV gases overnight – ~14 hr run.
Si (LMM) Signal: Si at front -> SiOx at rear (normal display) |
O (KLL) Signal: Si at rear -> SiOx at rear |
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Si (KLL) Signal: Si at front -> SiOx at rear (normal display) |
C (KLL) Signal: Si at front -> SiOx at rear (normal display) |
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AES Chemical State Spectra from Sio exposed bulk using High Energy Resolution (HSA) |
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Si (KLL) Signal: Low Energy Resolution Mode (4%) |
Si (KLL) Signal: High Energy Resolution Mode (0.5%) |
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Si (LMM) Signal: Low Energy Resolution Mode (4%) |
Si (LMM) Signal: High Energy Resolution Mode (0.5%) |
Features Observed
- xx
- xx
- xx
Silicon Alloys
XxCu | XxCu |
→ Periodic Table | |
XxCu | XxCu |
Copyright ©: The XPS Library
XPS Facts, Guidance & Information
Element | Silicon (Si) |
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Primary XPS peak used for Peak-fitting : | Si (2p) | ||||
Spin-Orbit (S-O) splitting for Primary Peak: | Spin-Orbit splitting for “p” orbital, ΔBE = 0.602 eV |
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Binding Energy (BE) of Primary XPS Signal: | 100.0 eV |
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Scofield Cross-Section (σ) Value: | Si (2p) = 0.817 |
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Conductivity: | Si resistivity = SiO resistivity = Semiconductor |
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Range of Si (2p) Chemical State BEs: | 99 – 105 eV range (Sio to SiF2) | ||||
Signals from other elements that overlap Si (2p) Primary Peak: |
Hg (4f) | ||||
Bulk Plasmons: | ~17 eV above peak max for pure | ||||
Shake-up Peaks: | ?? | ||||
Multiplet Splitting Peaks: | not possible | ||||
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General Information about XXX Compounds: |
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Cautions – Chemical Poison Warning |
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Copyright ©: The XPS Library
Information Useful for Peak-fitting Si (2p)
- FWHM (eV) of Si (2p3/2) from Pure Sio : ~0.36 eV for Si (2p3/2) peak using 10 eV Pass Energy with no ion etching
- FWHM (eV) of Si (2p3/2) from SiO2 xtal: ~1.32 eV for Si (2p3/2) using 50 eV Pass Energy (exposed bulk – cleaved in air)
- Binding Energy (BE) of Primary Signal used for Measuring Chemical State Spectra: 99.5 eV for Si (2p3/2) with +/- 0.1 uncertainty
- List of XPS Peaks that can Overlap Peak-fit results for Si (2p): Hg (4f)
General Guidelines for Peak-fitting XPS Signals
- Typical Energy Resolution for Pass Energy (PE) setting used to measure Chemical State Spectra on Various XPS Instruments
- Ag (3d5/2) FWHM (eV) = ~0.95 eV for PE 50 on Thermo K-Alpha
- Ag (3d5/2) FWHM (eV) = ~1.00 eV for PE 80 on Kratos Nova
- Ag (3d5/2) FWHM (eV) = ~0.95 eV for PE 45 on PHI VersaProbe
- FWHM (eV) of Pure Elements: Ranges from 0.4 to 1.0 eV across the periodic table
- FWHM of Chemical State Peaks in any Chemical Compound: Ranges from 1.1 to 1.6 eV (in rare cases FWHM can be 1.8 to 2.0 eV)
- FWHM of Pure Element versus FWHM of Oxide: Pure element FWHM << Oxide FWHM (e.g. 0.8 vs 1.5 eV, roughly 2x)
- If FWHM Greater than 1.6 eV: When a peak FWHM is larger than 1.6 eV, it is best to add another peak to the peak-fit envelop.
- BE (eV) Difference in Chemical States: The difference in chemical state BEs is typically 1.0-1.3 eV apart. In rare cases, <0.8 eV.
- Number of Peaks to Use: Use minimum. Do not use peaks with FWHM < 1.0 eV unless it is a or a conductive compound.
- Typical Peak-Shape: 80% G: 20% L, or Voigt : 1.4 eV Gaussian and 0.5 eV Lorentzian
- Spin-Orbit Splitting of Two Peaks (due to Coupling): The ratio of the two (2) peak areas must be constrained.
Notes:
- Other Oxidation States can appear as small peaks when peak-fitting
- Pure element signals normally have asymmetric tails that should be included in the peak-fit.
- Gaseous state materials often display asymmetric tails due to vibrational broadening.
- Peak-fits of C (1s) in polymers include an asymmetric tail when the energy resolution is very high.
- Binding energy shifts of some compounds are negative due to unusual electron polarization.
Contaminants Specific to Silicon
- Silicon develops a thin native oxide due to the reactive nature of clean Silicon .
- The native oxide of SiOx is 2-3 nm thick.
- Silicon thin films often have a low level of iron (Fe) in the bulk as a contaminant or to strengthen the thin film
- Silicon forms a low level of carbide when the surface is ion etched inside the analysis chamber
Commonplace Contaminants
- Carbon and Oxygen are common contaminants that appear on nearly all surfaces. The amount of Carbon usually depends on handling.
- Carbon is usually the major contaminant. The amount of carbon ranges from 5-50 atom%.
- Carbon contamination is attributed to air-borne organic gases that become trapped by the surface, oils transferred to the surface from packaging containers, static electricity, or handling of the product in the production environment.
- Carbon contamination is normally a mixture of different chemical states of carbon (hydrocarbon, alcohol or ether, and ester or acid).
- Hydrocarbon is the dominant form of carbon contamination. It is normally 2-4x larger than the other chemical states of carbon.
- Carbonate peaks, if they appear, normally appear ~4.5 eV above the hydrocarbon C (1s) peak max BE.
- Low levels of carbonate is common on many s that readily oxidize in the air.
- High levels of carbonate appear on reactive oxides and various hydroxides. This is due to reaction between the oxide and CO2 in the air.
- Hydroxide contamination peak is due to the reaction with residual water in the lab air or the vacuum.
- The O (1s) BE of the hydroxide (water) contamination normally appears 0.5 to 1.0 eV above the oxide peak
- Sodium (Na), Potassium (K), Sulfur (S) and Chlorine (Cl) are common trace to low level contaminants
- To find low level contaminants it is very useful to vertically expand the 0-600 eV region of the survey spectrum by 5-10X
- A tiny peak that has 3 or more adjacent data-points above the average noise of the background is considerate to be a real peak
- Carbides can appear after ion etching various reactive s. Carbides form due to the residual CO and CH4 in the vacuum.
- Ion etching can produce low oxidation states of the material being analyzed. These are newly formed contaminants.
- Ion etching polymers by using standard Ar+ ion guns will destroy the polymer, converting it into a graphitic type of carbon
Data Collection Guidance
- Chemical state differentiation can be difficult
- Collect principal Si (2p) peak as well as Si (2s).
- Long time exposures (high dose) to X-rays can degrade various polymers, catalysts, high oxidation state compounds
- During XPS analysis, water or solvents can be lost due to high vacuum or irradiation with X-rays or Electron flood gun
- Auger signals can sometimes be used to discern chemical state shifts when XPS shifts are very small
Data Collection Settings for Silicon (Si)
- Conductivity: Silicon readily develops a native oxide that is sensitive to Flood Gun – Differential Charging Possible – float sample recommended
- Primary Peak (XPS Signal) used to measure Chemical State Spectra: Si (2p) at 10 eV
- Recommended Pass Energy for Measuring Chemical State Spectrum: 40-50 eV (Produces Ag (3d5/2) FWHM ~0.7 eV)
- Recommended # of Scans for Measuring Chemical State Spectrum: 4-5 scans normally (Use 10-25 scans to improve S/N)
- Dwell Time: 50 msec/point
- Step Size: 0.1 eV/point (0.1 eV/step or 0.1 eV/channel)
- Standard BE Range for Measuring Chemical State Spectrum: 90-110 eV
- Recommended Extended BE Range for Measuring Chemical State Spectrum: 90- 160 eV
- Recommended BE Range for Survey Spectrum: -10 to 1,100 eV (above 1,100 eV there are no useful XPS signals, except for Ge and Ga)
- Typical Time for Survey Spectrum: 3-5 minutes for newer instruments, 5-10 minutes for older instruments
- Typical Time for a single Chemical State Spectrum with high S/N: 5-10 minutes for newer instruments, 10-15 minutes for older instruments
Effects of Argon Ion Etching
- Carbides appear after ion etching Si and various reactive s. Carbides form due to the residual CO and CH4 in the vacuum.
- Ion etching can produce low oxidation states of the material being analyzed. These are newly formed contaminants.
- Ion etching polymers by using standard Ar+ ion guns will destroy the polymer, converting it into a graphitic type of carbon
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