Vo V2O5 VO2 V2O3 NaVO3 YVO4 VN VC VSi2 Pb5(VO4)Cl  Basic 

XPS Spectra
Vanadium (V) Compounds
The XPS Spectra section provides raw and processed survey spectra, chemical state spectra, BE values, FWHM values, and overlays of key spectra.
Atom% values from surveys are based on sample, as received, and Scofield cross-sections. Atom% values are corrected for IMFP and PE.
Peak-fits are guides for practical, real-world applications. Peak-fits are not fully optimized or designed to test any theory.

Vanadium metal (Vo)
Survey, Peak-fits, BEs, FWHMs, and Peak Labels

→  Periodic Table   → Six (6) BE Tables
Survey Spectrum from Vo
Freshly exposed bulk, Flood gun is OFF, C (1s) BE = 284.8 eV, Ag (3d5/2) FWHM = 1.3 eV
→  Periodic Table  → Six (6) BE Tables
V (2p) Spectrum from Vo– Raw
Fresh exposed bulk, Flood gun is OFF, C (1s) BE = 284.8 eV, Ag FWHM = 0.75 eV		 V (2p) Spectrum from Vo – Peak-Fit
Freshly exposed bulk, Flood gun is OFF, C (1s) BE = 284.8 eV, Ag FWHM = 0.75 eV
 
V (2p) Spectrum from Vo – Extended Range
Fresh exposed bulk, Flood gun is OFF, C (1s) BE = 284.8 eV, Ag FWHM = 0.75 eV		 V (2p) Spectrum from Vo – Raw – Vertically Expanded
Freshly exposed bulk, Flood gun is OFF, C (1s) BE = 284.8 eV, Ag FWHM = 0.75 eV
→  Periodic Table  → Six (6) BE Tables
O (1s) Spectrum after ion etching Vo – Raw
Freshly exposed bulk, Flood gun is OFF, C (1s) BE = 284.8 eV, Ag FWHM = 0.75 eV		 O (1s) Spectrum after ion etching Vo – Peak-Fit
Freshly exposed bulk, Flood gun is OFF, C (1s) BE = 284.8 eV, Ag FWHM = 0.75 eV
→  Periodic Table  → Six (6) BE Tables
C (1s) Spectrum after ion etching Vo – Raw
Freshly exposed bulk, Flood gun is OFF, C (1s) BE = 284.8 eV, Ag FWHM = 0.75 eV		 C (1s) Spectrum after ion etching Vo – Peak-Fit
Freshly exposed bulk, Flood gun is OFF, C (1s) BE = 284.8 eV, Ag FWHM = 0.75 eV
→  Periodic Table  → Six (6) BE Tables
V (3p) Spectrum from Vo – Raw
Freshly exposed bulk, Flood gun is OFF, C (1s) BE = 284.8 eV, Ag FWHM = 0.75 eV		 V (3p) Spectrum from Vo – Peak-Fit
Freshly exposed bulk, Flood gun is OFF, C (1s) BE = 284.8 eV, Ag FWHM = 0.75 eV
 
→  Periodic Table  → Six (6) BE Tables
V (3s) Spectrum from Vo – Raw
Freshly exposed bulk, Flood gun is OFF, C (1s) BE = 284.8 eV, Ag FWHM = 0.75 eV		 V (3s) Spectrum from Vo – Peak-Fit
Freshly exposed bulk, Flood gun is OFF, C (1s) BE = 284.8 eV, Ag FWHM = 0.75 eV
→  Periodic Table  → Six (6) BE Tables
Auger Signals from Vo – Peak-fit
Freshly exposed bulk, Flood gun is OFF, C (1s) BE = 284.8 eV, Ag FWHM = 0.75 eV		 Valence Band Signals from Vo – Raw
Freshly exposed bulk, Flood gun is OFF, C (1s) BE = 284.8 eV, Ag FWHM = 0.75 eV
 
Overlays
→  Periodic Table  → Six (6) BE Tables
Valence Band Spectra – Overlay of Vo and V2O5
Freshly exposed bulk, Flood gun is OFF, C (1s) BE = 284.8 eV, Ag FWHM = 0.75 eV		 V (2p) Spectra – Overlay of Vo and V2O5
Freshly exposed bulk, Flood gun is OFF, C (1s) BE = 284.8 eV, Ag FWHM = 0.75 eV
→  Periodic Table  → Six (6) BE Tables

End-of-spectra

Price to purchase raw data sets:
Raw spectra – VAMAS ASCII format ($6)
Raw spectra – SDP binary format ($5)
SDP v9 – $145 (3 yr license)

 

 

Transmission Function Tests
 

December 2015 – Transmission Function of Thermo K-Alpha Plus
→  Periodic Table 
Survey Spectra of Ion Etched Copper (Cu), PEs = 50, 100, 150 and 200 eV
→  Periodic Table 
March 2016 – Transmission Function of Thermo K-Alpha Plus 
 
Survey Spectra of Ion Etched Copper (Cu), PEs = 100, 150 and 200 eV
→  Periodic Table  
August 2019 – Transmission Function of Thermo K-Alpha Plus
 
Survey Spectra of HOPG (C), PEs = 20, 50, 100 and 200 eV
→  Periodic Table  
January 2022 – Transmission Function of Thermo K-Alpha Plus
Survey Spectra of Ion Etched Copper (Cu), PEs = 100, 120, 140, 160, 180 and 200 eV

Six (6) Chemical State Tables of V (2p) BEs

 

  • The XPS Library Spectra-Base
  • PHI Handbook
  • Thermo-Scientific Website
  • XPSfitting Website
  • Techdb Website
  • NIST Website

→  Periodic Table 

 

 

Notes of Caution when using Published BEs and BE Tables from Insulators and Conductors:

  • Accuracy of Published BEs
    • The accuracy depends on the calibration BEs used to calibrate the energy scale of the instrument.  Cu (2p3/2) BE can vary from 932.2 to 932.8 eV for old publications 
    • Different authors use different BEs for the C (1s) BE of the hydrocarbons found in adventitious carbon that appears on all materials and samples.  From 284.2 to 285.3 eV
    • The accuracy depends on when the authors last checked or adjusted their energy scale to produce the expected calibration BEs
  • Worldwide Differences in Energy Scale Calibrations
    • For various reasons authors still use older energy scale calibrations 
    • Some authors still adjust their energy scale so Cu (2p3/2) appears at 932.2 eV or 932.8 eV because this is what the maker taught them
    • This range causes BEs in the higher BE end to be larger than expected 
    • This variation increases significantly above 600 eV BE
  • Charge Compensation
    • Samples that behave as true insulators normally require the use of a charge neutralizer (electron flood gun with or without Ar+ ions) so that the measured chemical state spectra can be produced without peak-shape distortions or sloping tails on the low BE side of the peak envelop. 
    • Floating all samples (conductive, semi-conductive, and non-conductive) and always using the electron flood gun is considered to produce more reliable BEs and is recommended.
  • Charge Referencing Methods for Insulators
    • Charge referencing is a common method, but it can produce results that are less reliable.
    • When an electron flood gun is used, the BE scale will usually shift to lower BE values by 0.01 to 5.0 eV depending on your voltage setting. Normally, to correct for this flood gun induced shift, the BE of the hydrocarbon C (1s) peak maximum from adventitious carbon is used to correct for the charge induced shift.
    • The hydrocarbon peak is normally the largest peak at the lowest BE. 
    • Depending on your preference or training, the C (1s) BE assigned to this hydrocarbon peak varies from 284.8 to 284.8 eV.  Other BEs can be as low as 284.2 eV or as high as 285.3 eV
    • Native oxides that still show the pure metal can suffer differential charging that causes the C (1s) and the O (1s) and the Metal Oxide BE to be larger
    • When using the electron flood gun, the instrument operator should adjust the voltage and the XY position of the electron flood gun to produce peaks from a strong XPS signal (eg O (1s) or C (1s) having the most narrow FWHM and the lowest experimentally measured BE. 

→  Periodic Table 

Table #1

V (2p3/2) Chemical State BEs from:  “The XPS Library Spectra-Base”

C (1s) BE = 284.8 eV for TXL BEs
and C (1s) BE = 284.8 eV for NIST BEs

Element Atomic # Compound As-Measured by TXL or NIST Average BE Largest BE Hydrocarbon C (1s) BE  Source
V 23 V – element 512.2 eV 284.8 eV The XPS Library
V 23 V-P (N*1) 512.6 eV 284.8 eV Avg BE – NIST
V 23 V-Cl2 (N*1) 513 eV 284.8 eV Avg BE – NIST
V 23 VB2 (N*1) 513.2 eV 284.8 eV Avg BE – NIST
V 23 V-C 513.3 eV 513.5 eV 284.8 eV The XPS Library
V 23 V-N 513.6 eV 284.8 eV The XPS Library
V 23 V(OH)3 (N*1) 514.1 eV 284.8 eV Avg BE – NIST
V 23 V2O3 (N*2) 515.7 eV 515.8 eV 284.8 eV Avg BE – NIST
V 23 V-O2 (N*2) 515.7 eV 516.3 eV 284.8 eV Avg BE – NIST
V 23 V2O5 (N*15) 516.4 eV 517.7 eV 284.8 eV Avg BE – NIST
V 23 V-2O5 517.0 eV 284.8 eV The XPS Library
V 23 V-F 284.8 eV The XPS Library

Charge Referencing Notes

  • (N*number) identifies the number of NIST BEs that were averaged to produce the BE in the middle column.
  • The XPS Library uses Binding Energy Scale Calibration with Cu (2p3/2) BE = 932.62 eV and Au (4f7/2) BE = 83.98 eV.  BE (eV) Uncertainty Range:  +/- 0.2 eV
  • Charge Referencing of insulators is defined such that the Adventitious Hydrocarbon C (1s) BE (eV) = 284.8 eV.  NIST uses C (1s) BE = 284.8 eV 
  • Note:   Ion etching removes adventitious carbon, implants Ar (+), changes conductivity of surface, and degrades chemistry of various chemical states.
  • Note:  Ion Etching changes BE of C (1s) hydrocarbon peak.
  • TXL – abbreviation for: “The XPS Library” (https://xpslibrary.com).  NIST:  National Institute for Science and Technology (in USA)

→  Periodic Table 

Table #2

V (2p3/2) Chemical State BEs from:  “PHI Handbook”

C (1s) BE = 284.8 eV

→  Periodic Table 

Copyright ©:  Ulvac-PHI

Table #3

V (2p3/2) Chemical State BEs from:  “Thermo-Scientific” Website

C (1s) BE = 284.8 eV

Chemical state Binding energy,
V (2p3/2)
V metal 512.3
V (II) 513.6
V (IV) 516.4
V2O3 517.1

→  Periodic Table 

Copyright ©:  Thermo Scientific 

Table #4

V (2p3/2) Chemical State BEs from:  “XPSfitting” Website

Chemical State BE Table derived by Averaging BEs in the NIST XPS database of BEs
C (1s) BE = 284.8 eV

→  Periodic Table 

Copyright ©:  Mark Beisinger

Table #5

V (2p3/2) Chemical State BEs from:  “Techdb.podzone.net” Website

 

XPS Spectra – Chemical Shift | Binding Energy
C (1s) BE = 284.6 eV

XPS(X線光電子分光法)スペクトル 化学状態 化学シフト ケミカルシフト

Element Level Compound B.E. (eV) min max
V 2p3/2 V 512.8 ±0.7 512.1 ～ 513.5
V 2p3/2 VB2 513.1 ±0.2 512.9 ～ 513.3
V 2p3/2 Metallocene 513.2 ±0.3 512.9 ～ 513.4
V 2p3/2 K4V(CN)6 513.2 ±0.2 513.0 ～ 513.4
V 2p3/2 V(acac)3 514.3 ±0.3 514.0 ～ 514.5
V 2p3/2 VN 514.4 ±0.3 514.1 ～ 514.6
V 2p3/2 VO(acac)2 515.1 ±0.3 514.8 ～ 515.3
V 2p3/2 VOSO4 516.0 ±0.3 515.7 ～ 516.2
V 2p3/2 VOCl2 516.5 ±0.3 516.2 ～ 516.7
V 2p3/2 Oxide 516.5 ±1.0 515.5 ～ 517.5
V 2p3/2 Vanadate 517.3 ±0.4 516.9 ～ 517.6

 

→  Periodic Table 

 


Histograms of NIST BEs for V (2p3/2) BEs

Important Note:  NIST Database defines Adventitious Hydrocarbon C (1s) BE = 284.8 eV for all insulators.

Histogram indicates:  512.4 eV for Vo based on 10 literature BEs Histogram indicates:  517.2 eV for V2O5 based on 18 literature BEs

Table #6


NIST Database of V (2p3/2) Binding Energies

NIST Standard Reference Database 20, Version 4.1

Data compiled and evaluated
by
Alexander V. Naumkin, Anna Kraut-Vass, Stephen W. Gaarenstroom, and Cedric J. Powell
©2012 copyright by the U.S. Secretary of Commerce on behalf of the United States of America. All rights reserved.

Important Note:  NIST Database defines Adventitious Hydrocarbon C (1s) BE = 284.8 eV for all insulators.

 

Element Spectral Line Formula Energy (eV) Reference
V 2p3/2 V 512.14  Click
V 2p3/2 V 512.15  Click
V 2p3/2 V 512.16  Click
V 2p3/2 V 512.30  Click
V 2p3/2 V 512.30  Click
V 2p3/2 V 512.40  Click
V 2p3/2 V 512.40  Click
V 2p3/2 V 512.40  Click
V 2p3/2 VP 512.60  Click
V 2p3/2 V 512.60  Click
V 2p3/2 V 512.70  Click
V 2p3/2 AuV3 (A2) 512.80  Click
V 2p3/2 [V(C5H5)2] 512.90  Click
V 2p3/2 [V(C5H5)2] 512.90  Click
V 2p3/2 V 512.90  Click
V 2p3/2 VCl2 513.00  Click
V 2p3/2 AuV3 (A15I) 513.00  Click
V 2p3/2 V2O3 513.10  Click
V 2p3/2 VB2 513.20  Click
V 2p3/2 K4[V(CN)6] 513.30  Click
V 2p3/2 [V(C7H7)(C5H5)] 513.30  Click
V 2p3/2 [VCl(C5H5)2] 513.80  Click
V 2p3/2 AuV3 (A15II) 513.80  Click
V 2p3/2 VS 513.90  Click
V 2p3/2 V(OH)3 514.10  Click
V 2p3/2 [V(OC(C2H5)3)3] 514.10  Click
V 2p3/2 [V(CH3C(O)CHC(O)CH3)3] 514.20  Click
V 2p3/2 [V(OSi(C6H5)3)3] 514.30  Click
V 2p3/2 VN 514.30  Click
V 2p3/2 VPS3 514.30  Click
V 2p3/2 V0.78PS3 514.30  Click
V 2p3/2 VPS3 514.30  Click
V 2p3/2 BaVS3 514.30  Click
V 2p3/2 BaV0.8Ti0.2S3 514.30  Click
V 2p3/2 VN 514.40  Click
V 2p3/2 V2O5 514.90  Click
V 2p3/2 VCl3 515.00  Click
V 2p3/2 [VO(CH3C(O)CHC(O)CH3)2] 515.10  Click
V 2p3/2 Y2.0V0.08Ti1.7Ox 515.20  Click
V 2p3/2 Y2.0V0.10Ti1.0Ox 515.20  Click
V 2p3/2 (NH4)2[VO(C2O4)2].2H2O 515.30  Click
V 2p3/2 V2O3 515.70  Click
V 2p3/2 V2O4 515.70  Click
V 2p3/2 V2O3 515.80  Click
V 2p3/2 O5SV 515.90  Click
V 2p3/2 (MoO3)22.5(TeO2)10(V2O5)67.5 516.00  Click
V 2p3/2 Ca0.05Y1.9V0.05Ti1.7Ox 516.00  Click
V 2p3/2 Ca0.2Y1.9V0.2Ti1.4Ox 516.00  Click
V 2p3/2 VO2 516.30  Click
V 2p3/2 V2O4 516.30  Click
V 2p3/2 C44H28N4OV 516.30  Click
V 2p3/2 VOCl2 516.40  Click
V 2p3/2 V2O4 516.50  Click
V 2p3/2 VOPO4 516.50  Click
V 2p3/2 VOPO4 516.50  Click
V 2p3/2 V2O5 516.60  Click
V 2p3/2 V2O5 516.60  Click
V 2p3/2 (CuO)0.18(V2O5)0.82 516.60  Click
V 2p3/2 BiO4V 516.70  Click
V 2p3/2 V2O5 516.70  Click
V 2p3/2 ((P2O5)0.40(V2O5)0.60)0.90(NiO)0.10 516.70  Click
V 2p3/2 H2V12-xMoxO31-y.nH2O 516.70  Click
V 2p3/2 VOPO4 516.70  Click
V 2p3/2 VOPO4 516.70  Click
V 2p3/2 V2O3 516.80  Click
V 2p3/2 H2V4Cr8O31.nH2O 516.80  Click
V 2p3/2 (CuO)0.37(V2O5)0.63 516.80  Click
V 2p3/2 (CuO)0.30(V2O5)0.70 516.80  Click
V 2p3/2 Cs3VO4 516.90  Click
V 2p3/2 Rb3VO4 516.90  Click
V 2p3/2 RhVO4 516.90  Click
V 2p3/2 V2O5 516.90  Click
V 2p3/2 ((P2O5)0.40(V2O5)0.60)0.85(NiO)0.15 516.90  Click
V 2p3/2 V2O2(P2O7) 516.90  Click
V 2p3/2 ((P2O5)0.40(V2O5)0.60)0.95(NiO)0.05 516.90  Click
V 2p3/2 V3Ag1.2Ce0.15O8+x 516.90  Click
V 2p3/2 V2O5(SiO2)117 516.90  Click
V 2p3/2 V2O5(SiO2)237 516.90  Click
V 2p3/2 VOPO4 516.90  Click
V 2p3/2 VOPO4 516.90  Click
V 2p3/2 Ca0.3Y1.9V0.2Ti1.1Ox 516.90  Click
V 2p3/2 V2O5 517.00  Click
V 2p3/2 NaVO3 517.00  Click
V 2p3/2 V0.78PS3 517.00  Click
V 2p3/2 (P2O5)0.40(V2O5)0.60 517.00  Click
V 2p3/2 NaVO3 517.00  Click
V 2p3/2 V0.78PS3 517.00  Click
V 2p3/2 V2O5(SiO2)545 517.00  Click
V 2p3/2 H2V6Cr6O31.nH2O 517.00  Click
V 2p3/2 V2O5 517.10  Click
V 2p3/2 ((P2O5)0.40(V2O5)0.60)0.98(NiO)0.02 517.10  Click
V 2p3/2 V2O5 517.20  Click
V 2p3/2 V2O5 517.20  Click
V 2p3/2 V2O3 517.20  Click
V 2p3/2 Na3VO4 517.30  Click
V 2p3/2 V2O5 517.30  Click
V 2p3/2 V2O5 517.30  Click
V 2p3/2 Sb0.92V0.92O4 517.30  Click
V 2p3/2 (CuO)0.40(V2O5)0.60 517.35  Click
V 2p3/2 V2O5 517.40  Click
V 2p3/2 V2O5 517.40  Click
V 2p3/2 V2O5 517.40  Click
V 2p3/2 V2O5 517.40  Click
V 2p3/2 (MoO3)25(V2O5)75 517.40  Click
V 2p3/2 MgV2O6 517.40  Click
V 2p3/2 V2O5 517.40  Click
V 2p3/2 V2O5 517.40  Click
V 2p3/2 Mn1.00V0.57O3.42 517.40  Click
V 2p3/2 Mn1.00V0.57O3.42 517.40  Click
V 2p3/2 (VO)2P2O7 517.40  Click
V 2p3/2 Li3VO4 517.50  Click
V 2p3/2 (CuO)0.20(V2O5)0.80 517.55  Click
V 2p3/2 (CuO)0.30(V2O5)0.70 517.55  Click
V 2p3/2 V2O5 517.60  Click
V 2p3/2 Li2.74V2O5 517.60  Click
V 2p3/2 CaV2O6 517.60  Click
V 2p3/2 (MoO3)23.75(TeO2)5(V2O5)71.25 517.60  Click
V 2p3/2 V2O5 517.60  Click
V 2p3/2 V2O5 517.60  Click
V 2p3/2 V2O5 517.60  Click
V 2p3/2 V2O5 517.60  Click
V 2p3/2 (MoO3)22.5(TeO2)10(V2O5)67.5 517.60  Click
V 2p3/2 (CuO)0.10(V2O5)0.90 517.60  Click
V 2p3/2 V2O5 517.65  Click
V 2p3/2 V2O5 517.70  Click
V 2p3/2 V2O5 517.70  Click
V 2p3/2 V2O5 517.70  Click
V 2p3/2 H2V12-xMoxO31-y.nH2O 517.70  Click
V 2p3/2 (NH4)5H3Mn3V12O40.15H2O 517.70  Click
V 2p3/2 NH4VO3 517.80  Click
V 2p3/2 VO(PO4) 518.00  Click
V 2p3/2 V2O5/Al2O3 518.10  Click
V 2p3/2 V2O5 518.30  Click
V 2p3/2 VOPO4 518.40  Click
V 2p3/2 VOPO4 518.40  Click
V 2p3/2 VOPO4 518.40  Click
V 2p3/2 VOPO4 518.40  Click
V 2p3/2 VOPO4 518.40  Click
V 2p3/2 VOPO4 518.40  Click
V 2p3/2 VOPO4 518.50  Click
V 2p3/2 VOPO4 518.50  Click
V 2p3/2 VOPO4 518.70  Click
V 2p3/2 VOPO4 518.70  Click
V 2p3/2 V2O5/SiO2 518.80  Click
V 2p3/2 ((C4H9)4N)2[V(C3S5)3] 523.10  Click
V 2p3/2 [Fe(C5H5)2][V(C3S5)3] 523.20  Click
V 2p3/2 [Ni(C5H5)2][V(C3S5)3] 523.20  Click
V 2p3/2 [Fe(C10H15)2][V(C3S5)3] 523.20  Click
V 2p3/2 [Fe(C6H7)2][V(C3S5)3] 523.50  Click
V 2p3/2 Fe[V(C3S5)3]2.3H2O 523.70  Click
V 2p3/2 Co[V(C3S5)3]2.3H2O 523.90  Click
V 2p3/2 (Li2O)0.25MnO2(V2O5)0.25 524.80  Click
V 2p3/2 V2O5 525.00  Click
V 2p3/2 NaVO3 525.20  Click

→  Periodic Table 

 

 

Statistical Analysis of Binding Energies in NIST XPS Database of BEs

 

 

→  Periodic Table 

 

End-of-page