SIX (6) SPECTRA-BASE Systems (SKU #1-6)

SIX (6) SPECTRA-BASE Systems (SKU #01 – #06)

Six (6) Spectra-Base Systems to Choose From
Price Range: $30/month (~$1/day)

OVERVIEW
Each page provides XPS spectra from a series of materials: pure element, native oxide, most common pure oxide, and other chemical compounds that may include hydroxide, oxy-hydroxide, carbonate, bi-carbonate, sulfide, sulfate, nitride, nitrate, phosphide, phosphate, selenide, telluride. Most of the oxides are single crystals or natural crystals freshly cleaved to expose bulk. Semiconductor wafers and crystals have been cleaved to expose bulk. There are time-based Profiles, Flood Gun tests, and Auger spectra. To add a bit of color, there are two sets of photos from crystals that include the element being displayed. A total of six (6) different BE tables from various sources are included.

The Spectra-Base currently (Jan 2025) has:

LIST of Spectra
- >500 survey spectra,
- >2,500 chemical state spectra,
- >2,500 peak-fits of chemical state spectra,
- >600 overlays of chemical state spectra,
- >400 side-by-side comparisons of chemical state spectra.
- >150 time study Montage plots showing UHV gas capture by freshly ion etched metals,
- >150 overlays showing flood gun effects on native oxides
- >200 photos of minerals containing element of interest
- >90 tables of key information listing peak overlaps, spin-orbit terms, BEs, Scofield cross-sections and IMFP of pure element
- >500 tables of BEs (from 6 different sources)

Components on each Page:

Basic Information Section (spectra and BE tables)

Chemical State Spectra (raw and peak-fit with details)
Survey Spectra (fully labelled, pure element, native oxide, pure oxide, other chemical states)
Carbon (1s) and O (1s) spectra (or F (1s), S (2p), N (1s), P (2p), Cl (2p), Br (3d), I (4d), Se (3d), Te (4d) etc.)
Valence Band Spectra
Spectra of Auger Signals
Plasmon Spectra
Table of Overlaps, BEs, Scofield cross-sections, and IMFP
Links to home page – Periodic Table and Six (6) BE Tables
Artefacts of ion etching
Side-by-side spectra for comparisons (native oxide versus element versus pure oxide…)
Overlays of related spectra (e.g. metal, native oxide, pure oxide, sulfide, BE shifts, peak-shape differences)
Six (6) Tables of Chemical State BEs from different websites (BEs are from smallest to largest)
The NIST table is quite long and organized by BE value (smallest to largest)
Histograms of pure element BEs, pure oxide BEs and others from NIST SRD-20 database of BEs
Periodic Table showing results of Statistical Analysis of BEs in NIST SRD-20 database of BEs

Advanced Information Section (advanced spectra & research studies)

Comparison of Element, Pure Oxide, and Fluoride of the Element (showing extreme range of BEs)
Detailed set of spectra from common pure oxide
Display of spectra having Shake-up
Display of spectra having Multiplet Splitting
Flood gun effect on Native Oxide of Element (flood gun OFF versus ON and Floating: C (1s) O (1s) and Metal Signal)
XPS Study of UHV Gas Captured by Freshly Ion Etched Element – in main analysis chamber – overnight run – C (1s), O (1s) and metal signal
AES (Auger) Study of UHV Gas Captured by Freshly Ion Etched Element – in main analysis chamber – overnight run – C (1s), O (1s) and metal signal
Chemical State Spectra from High Energy Resolution Auger instrument having CHA (HSA) electron analyzer

Tables of XPS Facts, Guidance & Information

Basic information about element
Information useful for peak-fitting main element signal
General guidance for peak-fitting
Commonplace Contaminants
Data collection guidance
Data collection settings for each element
Effects of argon ion etching
Gas phase spectra of related species if available

Common Formula	First Element Name	Chemical Group Name	Full Name	Physical State	Last Treatment	Mineral Name	Primary Element	Atomic Number (Z#)	Database Index #
Ag native oxide	silver	native oxide	silver native oxide	film	as received		Ag	47	268
Ag₂S	silver	sulfide	silver sulfide	natural crystal	cleaved	Acanthite	S	16	99
Ag₂SO₄	silver	sulfate	silver sulfate	powder	pressed		S	16	100
AgF₂	silver	fluoride	silver difluoride	powder	pressed		Ag	47	270
Ag^o	silver	element	elemental silver	flat piece	ion etched		Ag	47	267
AgO	silver	oxide	silver (II) oxide	powder	pressed		Ag	47	269
AgTe	silver	telluride	silver telluride	single crystal	cleaved		Te	52	293
Al native oxide	aluminum	native oxide	aluminum native oxide	film	as received		Al	13	82
Al(OH)₃	aluminum	hydroxide	aluminum hydroxide	powder	pressed		O	8	50
Al₂O₃	aluminum	oxide	aluminum oxide	amorphous	fractured	Sapphire	O	8	49
Al₂O₃	aluminum	oxide	aluminum oxide	amorphous solid	fractured		Al	13	83
AlF₃	aluminum	fluoride	aluminum fluoride	powder	pressed		Al	13	85
AlN	aluminum	nitride	aluminum nitride	coating	as received		N	7	32
Al^o	aluminum	element	elemental aluminum	solid	ion etched		Al	13	81
AlO(OH)	aluminum	hydroxide	aluminum oxy hydroxide	natural crystal	cleaved	Diaspore	O	8	42
AlO(OH)	aluminum	hydroxide	aluminum oxy hydroxide	natural crystal	cleaved	Diaspore	Al	13	84
Ar in Aluminum	argon	implant	Ar in Aluminum	implant	implant		Ar	18	123
Ar in Beryllium	argon	implant	Ar in Beryllium	implant	implant		Ar	18	125
Ar in Boron	argon	implant	Ar in Boron	implant	implant		Ar	18	124
Ar in Carbon	argon	implant	Ar in Carbon	implant	implant		Ar	18	126
Ar in Chromium	argon	implant	Ar in Chromium	implant	implant		Ar	18	127
Ar in HOPG	argon	implant	Ar in HOPG	implant	implant		Ar	18	133
Ar in Manganese	argon	implant	Ar in Manganese	implant	implant		Ar	18	128
Ar in Scandium	argon	implant	Ar in Scandium	implant	implant		Ar	18	129
Ar in Silicon	argon	implant	Ar in Silicon	implant	implant		Ar	18	130
Ar in Titanium	argon	implant	Ar in Titanium	implant	implant		Ar	18	131
Ar in Vanadium	argon	implant	Ar in Vanadium	implant	implant		Ar	18	132
As native oxide	arsenic	native oxide	arsenic native oxide	film	as received		As	33	208
As₂O₃	arsenic	oxide	arsenic trioxide	powder	pressed	Arsenolite	As	33	209
As₂O₅	arsenic	oxide	arsenic pentoxide	powder	pressed		As	33	210
As₂S₃	arsenic	sulfide	arsenic sulfide	lump	fractured	Realgar	As	33	211
As^o	arsenic	element	elemental arsenic	lump	ion etched		As	33	207
Au native oxide	gold	native oxide	gold native oxide	film	as received		Au	79	406
Au₂O	gold	oxide	gold (I) oxide	powder	pressed		Au	79	408
Au₂O₃	gold	oxide	gold oxide	powder	pressed		Au	79	407
Au^o	gold	element	elemental gold	flat piece	ion etched		Au	79	405
B₂O₃	boron	oxide	boron oxide	crystallite	crushed		B	5	18
BaCO₃	barium	carbonate	barium carbonate	powder	pressed	Witherite	Ba	56	310
BaF₂	barium	fluoride	barium fluoride	powder	pressed		Ba	56	312
Ba^o	barium	element	elemental barium	lump	ion etched		Ba	56	308
BaO	barium	oxide	barium oxide	powder	pressed		Ba	56	309
BaSO₄	barium	sulfate	barium sulfate	natural crystal	cleaved	Baryte	Ba	56	311
Be native oxide	beryllium	native oxide	beryllium native oxide	film	as received		Be	4	15
BeF₂	beryllium	fluoride	beryllium fluoride	powder	pressed		Be	4	16
BeF₂	beryllium	fluoride	beryllium fluoride	powder	pressed		F	9	65
Be^o	beryllium	element	elemental beryllium	solid	ion etched		Be	4	13
BeO	beryllium	oxide	beryllium oxide	powder	pressed		Be	4	14
Bi native oxide	bismuth	native oxide	bismuth native oxide	film	as received		Bi	83	422
Bi2O3	bismuth	oxide	bismuth oxide	powder	pressed		Bi	83	423
BiF3	bismuth	fluoride	bismuth fluoride	powder	pressed		Bi	83	424
Bi^o	bismuth	element	elemental bismuth	flat piece	ion etched		Bi	83	421
BN	boron	nitride	boron nitride	solid	cleaved		B	5	19
B^o	boron	element	elemental boron	solid	ion etched		B	5	17
CaBr2	calcium	bromide	calcium bromide	single crystal	cleaved		Ca	20	147
CaCl2	calcium	chloride	calcium chloride	single crystal	cleaved		Ca	20	146
CaCO₃	calcium	carbonate	calcium carbonate	natural crystal	cleaved	Calcite	C	6	29
CaCO₃	calcium	carbonate	calcium carbonate	single crystal	cleaved	Calcite	Ca	20	149
CaF₂	calcium	fluoride	calcium fluoride	natural crystal	cleaved	Fluorite	F	9	63
CaF2	calcium	fluoride	calcium fluoride	single crystal	cleaved	Fluorite	Ca	20	145
CaI2	calcium	iodide	calcium iodide	single crystal	cleaved		Ca	20	148
CaMg(CO3)₂	calcium	carbonate	calcium magnesium carbonate	single crystal	cleaved	Dolomite	Ca	20	150
Ca^o	calcium	element	elemental calcium	lump	ion etched		Ca	20	144
CaSO₄	calcium	sulfate	calcium sulfate	natural crystal	cleaved	Gypsum	Ca	20	151
CaTiO₃	calcium	titanate	calcium titanate	single crystal	cleaved	Perovskite	Ca	20	152
Cd native oxide	cadmium	native oxide	cadmium native oxide	film	as received		Cd	48	272
Cd^o	cadmium	element	elemental cadmium	flat piece	ion etched		Cd	48	271
CdO	cadmium	oxide	cadmium oxide	powder	pressed		Cd	48	273
CdS	cadmium	sulfide	cadmium sulfide	single crystal	cleaved		S	16	101
CdS	cadmium	sulfide	cadmium sulfide	single crystal	cleaved		Cd	48	274
CdSO4	cadmium	sulfate	cadmium sulfate	powder	pressed		S	16	102
CdTe	cadmium	telluride	cadmium telluride	single crystal	cleaved		Te	52	291
Ce2(SO4)3	cerium	sulfate	cerium sulfate	powder	pressed		Ce	58	324
Ce2CO3 – nH2O	cerium	carbonate	cerium carbonate	powder	pressed		Ce	58	321
CeF3	cerium	fluoride	cerium tri-fluoride	crystallite	cleaved		Ce	58	323
CeF4	cerium	fluoride	cerium tetra-fluoride	powder	pressed		Ce	58	322
Ce^o	cerium	element	elemental cerium	flat piece	ion etched		Ce	58	319
CeO2	cerium	oxide	cerium dioxide	powder	pressed		Ce	58	320
CF₂CF₂	carbon	polymer	Teflon, PTFE	film	razor cut		F	9	66
CF₂CH₂	carbon	polymer	Kynar	film	hexane wipe		F	9	67
(CH3)₂SiO	silicon	polymer	poly-dimethyl siloxane	oil	smeared		O	8	62
(CH3)₂SiO	silicon	polymer	poly-dimethyl siloxane	oil	smeared		Si	14	90
CH	carbon	carbon	adventitious carbon	film	as received		C	6	26
C^o	carbon	carbon	highly oriented pyrolytic graphite	single crystal	peeled	Graphite	C	6	21
C^o	carbon	carbon	diamond carbon	natural crystal	as received	Diamond	C	6	22
C^o	carbon	carbon	graphene	natural	peeled	Graphite	C	6	23
Co native oxide	cobalt	native oxide	cobalt native oxide	film	as received		Co	27	182
CoF2	cobalt	fluoride	cobalt difluoride	powder	pressed		Co	27	184
Co^o	cobalt	element	elemental cobalt	flat piece	ion etched		Co	27	181
CoO	cobalt	oxide	cobalt monoxide	single crystal	cleaved		Co	27	183
COx	carbon	oxide	graphene oxide	powder	pressed		C	6	24
COx	carbon	oxide	reduced graphene oxide	powder	pressed		C	6	25
Cr native oxide	chromium	native oxide	chromium native oxide	film	as received		Cr	24	168
Cr₂O₃	chromium	oxide	chromium oxide	single crystal	cleaved		Cr	24	169
CrC	chromium	carbide	chromium carbide	film	as received		Cr	24	167
CrF₃	chromium	fluoride	chromium fluoride	powder	pressed		Cr	24	170
Cr^o	chromium	element	elemental chromium	flat piece	ion etched		Cr	24	166
Cs2CO3	cesium	carbonate	cesium carbonate	powder	pressed		Cs	55	306
Cs2SO4	cesium	sulfate	cesium sulfate	crystallite	crushed		Cs	55	307
CsBr	cesium	bromide	cesium bromide	crystallite	crushed		Br	35	222
CsBr	cesium	bromide	cesium bromide	crystallite	crushed		Cs	55	304
CsCl	cesium	chloride	cesium chloride	crystallite	crushed		Cs	55	303
CsF	cesium	fluoride	cesium fluoride	powder	pressed		Cs	55	301
CsHCO3	cesium	bi-carbonate	cesium bi-carbonate	powder	pressed		Cs	55	305
CsI	cesium	iodide	cesium iodide	single crystal	scraped		I	53	298
CsI	cesium	iodide	cesium iodide	single crystal	scraped		Cs	55	302
Cs^o	cesium	element	elemental cesium	film	ion etched		Cs	55	300
Cu native oxide	copper	native oxide	copper native oxide	film	as received		Cu	29	190
Cu(NO₃)₂	copper	nitrate	copper nitrate	powder	pressed		N	7	38
Cu(NO₃)₂	copper	nitrate	copper nitrate	powder	pressed		O	8	58
Cu₂O	copper	oxide	cuprous oxide	natural crystal	cleaved	Cuprite	O	8	45
Cu2O	copper	oxide	cuprous oxide	single crystal	cleaved	Cuprite	Cu	29	191
CuCl2	copper	chloride	cupric chloride	powder	pressed		Cl	17	121
CuCN	copper	cyanide	copper cyanide	powder	pressed		N	7	39
CuF2	copper	fluoride	cupric fluoride	powder	pressed		Cu	29	193
CuO	copper	oxide	cupric oxide	powder	pressed	Tenorite	O	8	46
Cu^o	copper	element	elemental copper	flat piece	ion etched		Cu	29	189
CuO	copper	oxide	cupric oxide	powder	pressed	Tenorite	Cu	29	192
Dy native oxide	dysprosium	native oxide	dysprosium native oxide	film	as received		Dy	66	351
Dy2(SO4)3	dysprosium	sulfate	dysprosium sulfate	powder	pressed		Dy	66	353
Dy2O3	dysprosium	oxide	dysprosium oxide	powder	pressed		Dy	66	352
Dy^o	dysprosium	element	elemental dysprosium	flat piece	ion etched		Dy	66	350
Er native oxide	erbium	native oxide	erbium native oxide	film	as received		Er	68	359
Er2O3	erbium	oxide	erbium oxide	powder	pressed		Er	68	360
ErF3	erbium	fluoride	erbium fluoride	powder	pressed		Er	68	361
Er^o	erbium	element	elemental erbium	flat piece	ion etched		Er	68	358
Eu native oxide	europium	native oxide	europium native oxide	film	as received		Eu	63	337
Eu2(SO4)3	europium	sulfate	europium sulfate	powder	pressed		Eu	63	340
Eu2O3	europium	oxide	europium oxide	powder	pressed		Eu	63	338
EuF3	europium	fluoride	europium fluoride	powder	pressed		Eu	63	339
Eu^o	europium	element	elemental europium	flat piece	ion etched		Eu	63	336
Fe native oxide	iron	native oxide	iron native oxide	film	as received		Fe	26	178
Fe2O3	iron	oxide	iron oxide	natural crystal	cleaved	Hematite	O	8	43
Fe2O3	iron	oxide	iron oxide	single crystal	cleaved	Hematite	Fe	26	179
FeF3	iron	fluoride	iron trifluoride	powder	pressed		Fe	26	180
FeN	iron	nitride	iron nitride	lump	ion etched		N	7	33
Fe^o	iron	element	elemental iron	flat piece	ion etched		Fe	26	177
FeO(OH)	iron	hydroxide	iron oxy hydroxide	natural crystal	cleaved	Goethite	O	8	44
FeS2	iron	sulfide	iron sulfide	natural crystal	cleaved	Pyrite	S	16	103
FeSO4	iron	sulfate	iron sulfate	powder	pressed		S	16	104
Ga native oxide	gallium	native oxide	gallium native oxde	bead	as received		Ga	31	199
Ga2O3	gallium	oxide	gallium oxide	powder	pressed		Ga	31	200
GaAs	gallium	arsenide	gallium arsenide	single crystal	cleaved		As	33	212
GaF3	gallium	fluoride	gallium fluoride	powder	pressed		Ga	31	201
GaN	gallium	nitride	gallium nitride	single crystal	cleaved		N	7	34
Ga^o	gallium	element	elemental gallium	bead	ion etched		Ga	31	198
GaP	gallium	phosphide	gallium phosphide	single crystal	cleaved		P	15	94
Gd native oxide	gadolinium	native oxide	gadolinium native oxide	film	as received		Gd	64	342
Gd2(SO4)3	gadolinium	sulfate	gadolinium sulfate	powder	pressed		Gd	64	345
Gd2O3	gadolinium	oxide	gadolinium oxide	powder	pressed		Gd	64	343
GdF3	gadolinium	fluoride	gadolinium fluoride	powder	pressed		Gd	64	344
Gd^o	gadolinium	element	elemental gadolinium	flat piece	ion etched		Gd	64	341
Ge native oxide	germaniun	native oxide	germaniun native oxide	film	as received		Ge	32	203
Ge3N4	germanium	nitride	germanium nitride	powder	as received		Ge	32	205
Ge^o	germanium	element	elemental germanium	flat piece	ion etched		Ge	32	202
GeO2	germanium	oxide	germanium oxide	powder	pressed		Ge	32	204
GeSi	germanium	silicide	germanium silicide	flat piece	cleaved		Ge	32	206
He^o	helium	element	helium gas	gas	none		He	2	2
Hf native oxide	hafnium	native oxide	hafnium native oxide	film	as received		Hf	72	377
HfC	hafnium	carbide	hafnium carbide	lump	ion etched		Hf	72	378
HfF4	hafnium	fluoride	hafnium fluoride	powder	pressed		Hf	72	380
Hf^o	hafnium	element	elemental hafnium	flat piece	ion etched		Hf	72	376
HfO2	hafnium	oxide	hafnium oxide	powder	pressed		Hf	72	379
Hg₂SO₄	mercury	sulfate	mercurous sulfate	powder	pressed		O	8	57
Hg2SO4	mercury	sulfate	mercury sulfate	powder	pressed		S	16	106
HgF2	mercury	fluoride	mercury fluoride	powder	pressed		Hg	80	412
HgO	mercury	oxide	mercuric oxide	powder	pressed		O	8	56
Hg^o	mercury	element	elemental mercury	bead	ion etched		Hg	80	409
HgO	mercury	oxide	mercury oxide	powder	pressed		Hg	80	410
HgS	mercury	sulfide	mercury sulfide	natural crystal	cleaved	Cinnabar	S	16	105
HgS	mercury	sulfide	mercury sulfide	natural crystal	cleaved	Cinnabar	Hg	80	411
H^o	hydrogen	element	hydrogen gas	gas	none		H	1	1
Ho native oxide	holmium	native oxide	holmium native oxide	film	as received		Ho	67	355
Ho2(SO4)3	holmium	sulfate	holmium sulfate	powder	pressed		Ho	67	357
Ho2O3	holmium	oxide	holmium oxide	powder	pressed		Ho	67	356
Ho^o	holmium	element	elemental holmium	flat piece	ion etched		Ho	67	354
In native oxide	indium	native oxide	indium native oxide	film	as received		In	49	276
In2O3	indium	oxide	indium oxide	powder	pressed		In	49	277
InF3	indium	fluoride	indium fluoride	powder	pressed		In	49	278
In^o	indium	element	elemental indium	flat piece	ion etched		In	49	275
InP	indium	phosphide	indium phosphide	single crystal	cleaved		P	15	93
InP	indium	phosphide	indium phosphide	single crystal	cleaved		In	49	279
Ir native oxide	iridium	native oxide	iridium native oxide	film	as received		Ir	77	398
Ir^o	iridium	element	elemental iridium	flat piece	ion etched		Ir	77	397
IrO2	iridium	oxide	iridium oxide	powder	pressed		Ir	77	399
K₂CO₃	potassium	carbonate	potassium carbonate	powder	pressed		C	6	27
K₂CO₃	potassium	carbonate	potassium carbonate	powder	pressed		O	8	54
K2CO3	potassium	carbonate	potassium carbonate	crystallite	crushed		K	19	139
K₃Fe(CN)₆	potassium	ferri-cyanide	potassium ferri-cyanide	single crystal	cleaved		K	19	143
Kapton	carbon	imide	Kapton	film	hexane wipe		N	7	40
KBr	potassium	bromide	potassium bromide	single crystal	cleaved		K	19	137
KBr	potassium	bromide	potassium bromide	single crystal	cleaved		Br	35	220
KCl	potassium	chloride	potasssium chloride	crystallite	crushed		Cl	17	118
KCl	potassium	chloride	potassium chloride	single crystal	cleaved		K	19	136
KF	potassium	fluoride	potassium fluoride	single crystal	cleaved		K	19	135
KH₂PO₄	potassium	phosphate	potassium hydrogen phosphate	single crystal	cleaved		O	8	59
KH₂PO₄	potassium	phosphate	potassium hydrogen phosphate	single crystal	cleaved		P	15	95
KHCO₃	potassium	bi-carbonate	potassium bi-carbonate	crystallite	crushed		C	6	28
KHCO₃	potassium	bi-carbonate	potassium bi-carbonate	crystallite	crushed		O	8	55
KHCO3	potassium	bi-carbonate	potassium bi-carbonate	powder	pressed		K	19	140
KI	potassium	iodide	potassium iodide	single crystal	cleaved		K	19	138
KI	potassium	iodide	potassium iodide	single crystal	cleaved		I	53	295
KMnO₄	potassium	manganate	potassium permanganate	single crystal	crushed		K	19	142
K^o	potassium	element	elemental potassium	lump	ion etched		K	19	134
KO₂	potassium	oxide	potassium super-oxide	lump	scraped		K	19	141
La2(CO3)3 – 6H2O	lanthanum	carbonate	lanthanum carbonate	powder	pressed		La	57	315
La2(SO4)3	lanthanum	sulfate	lanthanum sulfate	powder	pressed		La	57	317
La2O3	lanthanum	oxide	lanthanum oxide	powder	pressed		La	57	314
LaB6	lanthanum	boride	lanthanum hexa-boride	single crystal	ion etched		La	57	318
LaF3	lanthanum	fluoride	lanthanum fluoride	powder	pressed		La	57	316
La^o	lanthanum	element	elemental lanthanum	flat piece	ion etched		La	57	313
Li₂CO₃	lithium	carbonate	lithium carbonate	powder	pressed		Li	3	4
Li₂SO₄	lithium	sulfate	lithium sulfate	powder	pressed		Li	3	3
Li2WO4	lithium	tungstate	lithium tungstate	crystallite	crushed		W	74	390
Li₃N	lithium	nitride	lithium nitride	powder	pressed		Li	3	8
Li₃N	lithium	nitride	lithium nitride	powder	pressed		N	7	31
LiB₃O₅	lithium	borate	lithium metaborate	single crystal	cleaved		Li	3	12
LiBr	lithium	bromide	lithium bromide	crystallite	crushed		Li	3	10
LiBr	lithium	bromide	lithium bromide	crystallite	crushed		Br	35	219
LiCl	lithium	chloride	lithium chloride	crystallite	crushed		Li	3	6
LiCl	lithium	chloride	lithium chloride	crystallite	crushed		Cl	17	117
LiCoMnNiOx	lithium	oxide		powder	pressed		Li	3	11
LiF	lithium	fluoride	lithium fluoride	natural crystal	cleaved		Li	3	5
LiFePO₄	lithium	phosphate	lithium iron phosphate	powder	pressed		P	15	97
LiI	lithium	iodide	lithium iodide	crystallite	crushed		Li	3	9
LiI	lithium	iodide	lithium iodide	bead	crushed		I	53	294
LiNbO₃	lithium	niobate	lithium niobate	single crystal	cleaved		Li	3	7
LiNbO3	lithium	niobate	lithium niobate	single crystal	cleaved		Nb	41	251
Lu native oxide	lutetium	native oxide	lutetium native oxide	film	as received		Lu	71	373
Lu2(SO4)3 – 8H2O	lutetium	sulfate	lutetium sulfate	powder	pressed		Lu	71	375
Lu2O3	lutetium	oxide	lutetium oxide	powder	pressed		Lu	71	374
Lu^o	lutetium	element	elemental lutetium	flat piece	ion etched		Lu	71	372
Mg native oxide	magnesium	native oxide	magnesium native oxide	film	as received		Mg	12	78
MgCO₃	magnesium	carbonate	magnesium carbonate	natural crystal	cleaved	Magnesite	O	8	52
MgF₂	magnesium	fluoride	magnesium fluoride	coating	as received		F	9	64
MgF₂	magnesium	fluoride	magnesium fluoride	coating	as received		Mg	12	80
MgO	magnesium	oxide	magnesium oxide	single crystal	cleaved	Periclase	O	8	51
Mg^o	magnesium	element	elemental magnesium	ribbon	ion etched		Mg	12	77
MgO	magnesium	oxide	magnesium oxide	single crystal	cleaved	Periclase	Mg	12	79
MgSO4	magnesium	sulfate	magnesium sulfate	powder	pressed	Epsom	O	8	53
Mn native oxide	manganese	native oxide	manganese native oxide	film	as received		Mn	25	172
MnC	manganese	carbide	manganese carbide	film	as received		Mn	25	173
MnF2	manganese	fluoride	manganese difluoride	powder	pressed		Mn	25	175
MnF3	manganese	fluoride	manganese trifluoride	powder	pressed		Mn	25	176
Mn^o	manganese	element	elemental manganese	flat piece	ion etched		Mn	25	171
MnO2	manganese	oxide	manganese dioxide	chip	cleaved	Ramsdellite	Mn	25	174
Mo native oxide	molybdenum	native oxide	molybdenum native oxide	film	as received		Mo	42	253
MoC	molybdenum	carbide	molybdenum carbide	film	as received		Mo	42	254
Mo^o	molybdenum	element	elemental molybdenum	flat piece	ion etched		Mo	42	252
MoO3	molybdenum	oxide	molybdenum oxide	powder	pressed		Mo	42	255
MoS2	molybdenum	sulfide	molybdenum sulfide	natural crystal	peeled	Molybdenite	S	16	114
MoS2	molybdenum	sulfide	molybdenum sulfide	single crystal	peeled	Molybdenite	Mo	42	256
Na₂CO₃	sodium	carbonate	sodium carbonate	powder	pressed		Na	11	74
Na₂O	sodium	oxide	sodium oxide	lump	scraped		Na	11	75
Na2Si3O7	sodium	silicate	sodium meta-silicate	solution	smeared		Si	14	91
Na2SO4	sodium	sulfate	sodium sulfate	powder	pressed		S	16	112
Na₃AlF₆	sodium	fluoride	sodium aluminum hexafluoride	natural crystal	cleaved	Cryolite	Na	11	76
NaBF₄	sodium	borate	sodium tetrafluoroborate	powder	pressed		B	5	20
NaBr	sodium	bromide	sodium bromide	crystallite	crushed		Na	11	71
NaBr	sodium	bromide	sodium bromide	crystallite	crushed		Br	35	221
NaCl	sodium	chloride	sodium chloride	natural crystal	cleaved	Halite	Na	11	70
NaCl	sodium	chloride	sodium chloride	single crystal	cleaved	Halite	Cl	17	119
NaF	sodium	fluoride	sodium fluoride	natural crystal	cleaved	Villiaumite	Na	11	69
NaH₂PO₄	sodium	phosphate	sodium hydrogen phosphate	crystallite	crushed		P	15	96
NaHCO₃	sodium	bi-carbonate	sodium bi-carbonate	crystallite	crushed	Nahcolite	Na	11	73
NaHSO4	sodium	sulfate	sodium bi-sulfate	powder	pressed		S	16	111
NaI	sodium	iodide	sodium iodide	crystallite	crushed		Na	11	72
NaI	sodium	iodide	sodium iodide	crystallite	crushed		I	53	296
Na^o	sodium	element	elemental sodium	lump	ion etched		Na	11	68
Nb native oxide	niobium	native oxide	niobium native oxide	film	as received		Nb	41	248
Nb2O5	niobium	oxide	niobium pentoxide	powder	pressed		Nb	41	250
NbC	niobium	carbide	niobium carbide	film	as received		Nb	41	249
Nb^o	niobium	element	elemenal niobium	flat piece	ion etched		Nb	41	247
Nd native oxide	neodymium	native oxide	neodymium native oxide	film	as received		Nd	60	330
Nd2O3	neodymium	oxide	neodymium oxide	powder	pressed		Nd	60	331
NdF3	neodymium	fluoride	neodymium fluoride	powder	pressed		Nd	60	332
Nd^o	neodymium	element	elemental neodymium	flat piece	ion etched		Nd	60	329
NH4Br	ammonium	bromide	ammonium bromide	crystallite	crushed		Br	35	225
NH4Ce(SO4)2	ammonium	sulfate	ammonium cerium sulfate	powder	pressed		Ce	58	325
NH₄Cl	nitogen	ammonium	ammonium chloride	crystallite	cleaved	Salammoniac	N	7	37
NH4Cl	nitrogen	chloride	ammonium chloride	crystallite	cleaved	Salammoniac	Cl	17	120
Ni native oxide	nickel	native oxide	nickel native oxide	film	as received		Ni	28	186
NiF2	nickel	fluoride	nickel difluoride	powder	pressed		Ni	28	188
Ni^o	nickel	element	elemental nickel	flat piece	ion etched		Ni	28	185
NiO	nickel	oxide	nickel oxide	single crystal	cleaved	Busenite	Ni	28	187
Os native oxide	osmium	native oxide	osmium native oxide	film	as received		Os	76	395
Os^o	osmium	element	elemental osmium	flat piece	ion etched		Os	76	394
OsO2	osmium	oxide	osmium di-oxide	powder	pressed		Os	76	396
Pb native oxide	lead	native oxide	lead native oxide	film	as received		Pb	82	418
PbCO₃	lead	carbonate	lead carbonate	natural crystal	cleaved	Cerrusite	O	8	48
PbF2	lead	fluoride	lead difluoride	powder	pressed		Pb	82	420
PbO	lead	oxide	lead oxide	powder	pressed	Litharge	O	8	47
Pb^o	lead	element	elemental lead	flat piece	ion etched		Pb	82	417
PbO	lead	oxide	lead monoxide	powder	pressed	Litharge	Pb	82	419
p-Bromo-styrene	bromine	polymer	p-bromo-styrene	film	none		Br	35	224
PbS	lead	sulfide	lead sulfide	natural crystal	cleaved	Galena	S	16	107
PbSe	lead	selenide	lead selenide	natural crystal	cleaved		Se	34	215
PbSe native oxide	selenium	native oxide	selenium native oxide	natural crystal	as received		Se	34	216
PbSeO4	lead	selenate	lead selenate	powder	as received		Se	34	217
PbSO4	lead	sulfate	lead sulfate	powder	pressed		S	16	108
PbTe	lead	telluride	lead telluride	single crystal	cleaved		Te	52	292
Pd native oxide	palladium	native oxide	palladium native oxide	film	as received		Pd	46	265
Pd^o	palladium	element	elemental palladium	flat piece	ion etched		Pd	46	264
PdO	palladium	oxide	palladium oxide	powder	pressed		Pd	46	266
PET, Mylar	carbon	polymer	PET, Mylar	film	as received		O	8	61
p-Iodo-styrene	iodine	polymer	p-iodo-styrene	film	evaporated solution		I	53	299
P^o	phoshorus	element	elemental phosphorus	lump	ion etched		P	15	92
PPS	carbon	sulfide	poly-phenylene sulfide	as received	pressed		S	16	113
Pr2O5	praseodymium	oxide	praseodymium pentoxide	powder	pressed		Pr	59	327
PrF3	praseodymium	fluoride	praseodymium fluoride	powder	pressed		Pr	59	328
Pr^o	praseodymium	element	elemental praseodymium	flat piece	ion etched		Pr	59	326
Pt native oxide	platinum	native oxide	platinum native oxide	film	as received		Pt	78	401
PtCl4	platinum	chloride	platinum tetra-chloride	crystallite	crushed		Pt	78	403
Pt^o	platinum	element	elemental platinum	flat piece	ion etched		Pt	78	400
PtO2	platinum	oxide	platinum di-oxide	powder	pressed		Pt	78	402
PtS2	platinum	sulfide	platinum di-sulfide	powder	pressed		Pt	78	404
PVC	carbon	chloride	Poly-vinyl chloride	film	as received		Cl	17	122
Rb2SO4	rubidium	sulfate	rubidium sulfate	powder	pressed		Rb	37	229
RbF	rubidium	fluoride	rubidium fluoride	bead	crushed		Rb	37	227
RbI	rubidium	iodide	rubidium iodide	powder	pressed		Rb	37	228
RbI	rubidium	iodide	rubidium iodide	powder	pressed		I	53	297
Rb^o	rubidium	element	elemental rubidium	lump	ion etched		Rb	37	226
Re native oxide	rhenium	native oxide	rhenium native oxide	film	as received		Re	75	392
Re2O7	rhenium	oxide	rhenium hepta-oxide	crystallite	crushed		Re	75	393
Re^o	rhenium	element	elemental rhenium	flat piece	ion etched		Re	75	391
Rh native oxide	rhodium	native oxide	rhodium native oxide	film	as received		Rh	45	261
Rh2O3	rhodium	oxide	rhodium oxide	powder	pressed		Rh	45	263
RhC	rhodium	carbide	rhodium carbide	film	as received		Rh	45	262
Rh^o	rhodium	element	elemental rhodium	flat piece	ion etched		Rh	45	260
Ru native oxide	ruthenium	native oxide	ruthenium native oxide	film	as received		Ru	44	258
Ru^o	ruthenium	element	elemental ruthenium	flat piece	ion etched		Ru	44	257
RuO2	ruthenium	oxide	ruthenium oxide	powder	pressed		Ru	44	259
Sb native oxide	antimony	native oxide	antimony native oxide	film	as received		Sb	51	285
Sb2O5	antimony	oxide	antimony pentoxide	powder	pressed		Sb	51	286
SbF3	antimony	fluoride	antimony fluoride	powder	pressed		Sb	51	287
Sb^o	antimony	element	elemental antimony	flat piece	ion etched		Sb	51	284
Sc native oxide	scandium	native oxide	scandium native oxide	film	as received		Sc	21	155
Sc2O3	scandium	oxide	scandium oxide	powder	pressed		Sc	21	156
ScC	scandium	carbide	scandium carbide	film	as received		Sc	21	154
Sc^o	scandium	element	elemental scandium	flat piece	ion etched		Sc	21	153
Se native oxide	selenium	native oxide	selenium native oxide	bead	as received		Se	34	214
Se^o	selenium	elememt	elemental selenium	bead	ion etched		Se	34	213
Si native oxide	silicon	native oxide	silicon native oxide	film	as received		Si	14	87
Si₃N₄	silicon	nitride	silicon nitride	single crystal	cleaved		N	7	41
SiC	silicon	carbide	silicon carbide	single crystal	cleaved		C	6	30
Si^o	silicon	element	elemental silicon	single crystal	cleaved		Si	14	86
SiO₂	silicon	oxide	silicon oxide	natural crystal	cleaved	Quartz	O	8	60
SiO₂	silicon	oxide	silicon oxide	natural crystal	cleaved	Quartz	Si	14	88
SiO₂	silicon	oxide	silicon oxide	amorphous solid	fractured		Si	14	89
Sm2O3	samarium	oxide	samarium oxide	powder	pressed		Sm	62	334
SmF3	samarium	fluoride	samarium fluoride	powder	pressed		Sm	62	335
Sm^o	samarium	element	elemental samarium	flat piece	ion etched		Sm	62	333
Sn native oxide	tin	native oxide	tin native oxide	film	as received		Sn	50	281
SnF4	tin	fluoride	tin tetra-fluoride	powder	pressed		Sn	50	283
Sn^o	tin	element	elemental tin	flat piece	ion etched		Sn	50	280
SnO2	tin	oxide	tin oxide	natural crystal	cleaved	Cassiterite	Sn	50	282
S^o	sulfur	element	elemental sulfur	natural crystal	cleaved		S	16	98
SrBO3	strontium	borate	strontium borate	single crystal	cleaved		Sr	38	234
SrCO3	strontium	carbonate	strontium carbonate	powder	pressed		Sr	38	233
SrF2	strontium	fluoride	strontium fluoride	powder	pressed		Sr	38	232
Sr^o	strontium	element	elemental strontium	lump	ion etched		Sr	38	230
SrSO4	strontium	sulfate	strontium sulfate	natural crystal	cleaved	Celestine	Sr	38	231
SrTiO3	strontium	titanate	strontium titanate	single crystal	cleaved		Sr	38	235
Ta native oxide	tantalum	native oxide	tantalum native oxide	film	as received		Ta	73	382
Ta2O5	tantalum	oxidwe	tantalum pentoxide	film	as received		Ta	73	384
TaC	tantalum	carbide	tantalum carbide	film	as received		Ta	73	383
TaF5	tantalum	fluoride	tantalum penta-fluoride	powder	pressed		Ta	73	385
TaN	tantalum	nitride	tantalum nitride	coating	ion etched		N	7	35
Ta^o	tantalum	element	elemental tantalum	flat piece	ion etched		Ta	73	381
TaS2	tantalum	sulfide	tantalum sulfide	natural crystal	peeled	Tantalite	S	16	116
Tb native oxide	terbium	native oxide	terbium native oxide	film	as received		Tb	65	347
Tb2O3	terbium	oxide	terbium oxide	powder	pressed		Tb	65	348
Tb4O7	terbium	oxide	terbium hepta-oxide	powder	pressed		Tb	65	349
Tb^o	terbium	element	elemental terbium	flat piece	ion etched		Tb	65	346
Te native oxide	tellurium	native oxide	tellurium native oxide	film	as received		Te	52	289
Te^o	tellurium	element	elemental tellurium	flat piece	ion etched		Te	52	288
TeO2	tellurium	oxide	tellurium oxide	powder	pressed	Tellurite	Te	52	290
Th native oxide	thorium	native oxide	thorium native oxide	film	as received		Th	90	426
ThF4	thorium	fluoride	thorium fluoride	powder	pressed		Th	90	428
Th^o	thorium	element	elemental thorium	flat piece	ion etched		Th	90	425
ThO2	thorium	oxide	thorium oxide	powder	pressed	Thorite	Th	90	427
Ti native oxide	titanium	native oxide	titanium native oxide	film	as received		Ti	22	158
TiC	titanium	carbide	titanium carbide	film	as received		Ti	22	159
TiF4	titanium	fluoride	titanium tetrafluoride	powder	pressed		Ti	22	161
TiN	titanium	nitride	titanium nitride	coating	ion etched		N	7	36
Ti^o	titanium	element	elemental titanium	flat piece	ion etched		Ti	22	157
TiO2	titanium	oxide	titanium dioxide	single crystal	cleaved	Rutile	Ti	22	160
Tl native oxide	thallium	native oxide	thallium native oxide	film	as received		Tl	81	414
Tl2O3	thallium	oxide	thallium oxide	powder	pressed		Tl	81	415
TlNO3	thallium	nitrate	thallium nitrate	powder	pressed		Tl	81	416
Tl^o	thallium	element	elemental thallium	flat piece	ion etched		Tl	81	413
Tm native oxide	thulium	native oxide	thulium native oxide	film	as received		Tm	69	363
Tm2(SO4)3	thulium	sulfate	thulium sulfate	powder	pressed		Tm	69	366
Tm2O3	thulium	oxide	thulium oxide	powder	pressed		Tm	69	364
TmF3	thulium	fluoride	thulium fluoride	powder	pressed		Tm	69	365
Tm^o	thulium	element	elemental thulium	flat piece	ion etched		Tm	69	362
Tribromo-styrene	bromine	polymer	tribromo-styrene	film	none		Br	35	223
U native oxide	uranium	native oxide	uranium native oxide	film	as received		U	92	430
U^o	uranium	element	elemental uranium	flat piece	ion etched		U	92	429
UO2	uranium	oxide	uranium di-oxide	grains	crushed	Uraninite	U	92	431
V native oxide	vanadium	native oxide	vanadium native oxide	film	as received		V	23	164
V₂O₃	vanadium	oxide	vanadium oxide	powder	pressed		V	23	165
VC	vanadium	carbide	vanadium carbide	film	as received		V	23	163
V^o	vanadium	element	elemental vanadium	flat piece	ion etched		V	23	162
W native oxide	tungsten	native oxide	tungsten native oxide	film	as received		W	74	387
WC	tungsten	carbide	tungsten carbide	powder	ion etched		W	74	388
W^o	tungsten	element	elemental tungsten	flat piece	ion etched		W	74	386
WO3	tungsten	oxide	tungsten oxide	powder	pressed		W	74	389
WS2	tungsten	sulfide	tungsten sulfide	natural crystal	crushed	Tungstenite	S	16	115
Y native oxide	yttrium	native oxide	yttrium native oxide	film	as received		Y	39	237
Y2(SO4)3	yttrium	sulfate	yttrium sulfate	powder	pressed		Y	39	241
Y2O3	yttrium	oxide	yttrium oxide	powder	pressed		Y	39	239
Yb native oxide	ytterbium	native oxide	ytterbium native oxide	film	as received		Yb	70	368
Yb2(CO3)3 – H2O	ytterbium	carbonate	ytterbium carbonate	powder	pressed		Yb	70	371
Yb2O3	ytterbium	oxide	ytterbium oxide	powder	pressed		Yb	70	369
YbF3	ytterbium	fluoride	ytterbium fluoride	powder	pressed		Yb	70	370
Yb^o	ytterbium	element	elemental ytterbium	flat piece	ion etched		Yb	70	367
YC	yttrium	carbide	yttrium carbide	film	as received		Y	39	238
YF3	yttrium	fluoride	yttrium fluoride	powder	pressed		Y	39	240
Y^o	yttrium	element	elemental yttrium	flat piece	ion etched		Y	39	236
Zn native oxide	zinc	native oxide	zinc native oxide	film	as received		Zn	30	195
ZnF2	zinc	fluoride	zinc fluoride	powder	pressed		Zn	30	197
Zn^o	zinc	element	elemental zinc	flat piece	ion etched		Zn	30	194
ZnO	zinc	oxide	zinc oxide	single crystal	cleaved	Zincite	Zn	30	196
ZnS	zinc	sulfide	zinc sulfide	single crystal	cleaved		S	16	109
ZnSe	zinc	selenide	zinc selenide	single crystal	cleaved		Se	34	218
ZnSO4	zinc	sulfate	zinc sulfate	powder	pressed		S	16	110
Zr native oxide	zirconium	native oxide	zirconium native oxide	film	as received		Zr	40	243
ZrC	zirconium	carbide	zirconium carbide	film	as received		Zr	40	244
ZrF4	zirconium	fluoride	zirconium fluoride	powder	pressed		Zr	40	246
Zr^o	zirconium	element	elemental zirconium	flat piece	ion etched		Zr	40	242
ZrO2	zirconium	oxide	zirconium oxide	powder	pressed		Zr	40	245

Title